Histology

Question 1

What are the 4 types of mucosa?

Answer 1

Protective, Absorptive, Secretory and Protective+Absorbtive

PASPa

Question 2

Describe protective mucosa and where it can be found.

Answer 2

Protective mucosa is non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.
Found in the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal.

Question 3

Describe absorptive mucosa and where it can be found.

Answer 3

Simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands.

Found in the small intestine.

Question 4

Describe secretory mucosa and where it can be found.

Answer 4

Simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands.

Found in the stomach.

Question 5

Describe protective+absorptive mucosa and where it can be found.

Answer 5

Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands.

Found in the large intestine.

Question 6

What kind of mucosa can you find in the stomach?

Answer 6

Secretory

Question 7

What kind of mucosa can you find in the small intestine?

Answer 7

Absorptive

Question 8

What kind of mucosa can you find in the large intestine?

Answer 8

Protective+Absorptive

Question 9

What kind of mucosa can you find in the oral cavity?

Answer 9

Protective

Question 10

What kind of mucosa can you find in the pharynx?

Answer 10

Protective

Question 11

What kind of mucosa can you find in the anal canal?

Answer 11

Protective

Question 12

Name the four types of tissue.

Answer 12

Endothelium
Connective tissue
Muscle
Nervous tissue

Question 13

Name the 4 layers of the digestive tract lining

Answer 13

Mucosa
Sub-mucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/adventitia

Question 14

What are the 3 salivary glands of the mouth?

Answer 14

Parotid, sublingal and submandibular.

Question 15

What is the nervous system of the digestive tract called?

Answer 15

Enteric nervous system

Question 16

What is the basic structure of the respiratory system?

Answer 16

Airway
Resp Epithelium
Lamina propria
Seromucous glands in the submucosa
Hyaline cartilage of tracheal ring

Question 17

Do bronchi have hyaline cartilage in there walls?

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

Do bronchioles have hyaline cartilage in there walls?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

What are the alveoli lined by>

Answer 19

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 20

What is the simple structure of the liver?

Answer 20

The liver is made up by hexagonal lobules that each have a blood supply from the hepatic blood supply (Portal vein and hepatic artery).
In the centre is a central vein that drains into the hepatic vein.
Lobules are filled with hepatocytes (liver cells)

Question 21

What is a portal triad?

Answer 21

A bile duct, a hepatic arteriole and a branch of the hepatic portal vein.

Question 22

The space for blood flow in the liver lobules is called…

Answer 22

A sinusoid

Question 23

Is the pancreas exocrine or endocrine?

Answer 23

Both

Question 24

Describe the exocrine aspect of the pancreas

Answer 24

The pancreas excretes digestive enzymes such as proteases, lipases and nucleases etc. These enter the duodenum via the pancreatic duct

Question 25

Describe the endocrine aspect of the pancreas

Answer 25

There are lots of small islands within the pancreas called the islets of Langerhans with produce hormones like insulin.

Question 26

What are red blood cells called?

Answer 26

Erythrocytes

Question 27

Do red blood cells have a nucleus

Answer 27

No, theyre too small

Question 28

What are the 5 types of leukocytes (white blood cell)

Answer 28

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes.

Question 29

Name the 3 granulocytes

Answer 29

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

Question 30

What are the 3 layers of a muscular artery

Answer 30

Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica adventitia

Question 31

Describe the composition of a capillary

Answer 31

Endothelial cell and basal lamina

Question 32

What are the 3 types of capillaries

Answer 32

Continious (muscle, nerve, lung, skin) Fenestrated (have small pores; in the gut mucosa, endocrine glands and kidney) Sinusoidal (large gaps: in the liver, spleen and bone marrow)

Question 33

Which part of the nasal cavity is lined by keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 33

The Vestibule

Question 34

Describe respiratory epithelium

Answer 34

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

Question 35

What is lined by non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 35

Oropharynx

Question 36

What is different between the vocal folds and the walls of the larynx?

Answer 36

The vocal folds have stratified squamous epithelium whereas the walls of the larynx are made up of cartilage and muscles with the surfaces lined by respiratory epithelium.

Question 37

Does the trachea contain 'cartilage rings' or 'C shaped cartilages'?

Answer 37

The trachea contains around 15-20 C shaped cartilages. The gap is spanned by fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle (trachealis muscle)

Question 38

Describe the shape of the cartilage in the main bronchi.

Answer 38

Irregularly shaped cartilage plates

Question 39

True or false? There are no cartilage plates in the bronchioles.

Answer 39

TRUE

Question 40

As you move down the respiratory tree what happens to the epithelium?

Answer 40

It goes from columnar to cuboidal in the bronchioles and finally to squamous type 1 alveolar cells in the alveoli.

Question 41

What are clara cells?

Answer 41

Non-cilated club cells.

Question 42

What do clara cells do?

Answer 42

Act as stem cells, detoxification, immune modulation and surfactant production.

Question 43

What is the other name for alveolar cells?

Answer 43

Pneumocytes

Question 44

Which type of pneumocyte produces surfactant in the alveoli?

Answer 44

Type II alveolar cell.

Question 45

What is a pericyte?

Answer 45

A connective tissue cell that has contractile properties. Often found in capillaries just outside the basal lamina.

Question 46

What are venous valves made of?

Answer 46

They are extensions of the tunica intima

Question 47

Name the 3 layers of the heart

Answer 47

Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium

Question 48

What is the role of intercalatedT discs within cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 48

They act as desmosomes and adherent junctions to attach cells together and allow for the spread of electrical activity through gap junctions

Question 49

What are the 2 parts of the pericardium?

Answer 49

Fibrous and serous`(covers the surface of the heart and lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium)

Question 50

Where can you find serous fluid and what does it do?

Answer 50

You can find serous fluid within the pericardial cavity between the fibrous and serous pericardium. It acts as a lubricant to allow for heart movement.

Question 51

What are the 3 types of cardiac muscle cell?

Answer 51

Contractile Pacemaker Conducting`

Question 52

Which part of the tongue has stratified squamous epithelium which is thin on ventral surface and thick (with papillae) on the dorsal surface?

Answer 52

Anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Question 53

Which part of the tongue is covered by smooth stratified squamous epithelium which lacks papillae except for the circumvallate papillae. And has substantial lymphoid aggregates in the submucosa?

Answer 53

Posterior 1/3

Question 54

What are the four types of papillae?

Answer 54

Filliform Fungiform Foliate Circumvallate

Question 55

What is a chief cell and where can you find it?

Answer 55

A chief cell is a digestive enzyme secreting cell found in the base of gastric glands.

Question 56

What is a parietal cell and where can you find it?

Answer 56

A parietal cell is a HCl producing cell found throughout the gastric gland.

Question 57

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

Answer 57

Fundus Cardia Body Antrum

Question 58

Which part of the stomach has deep gastric pits that branch into loosely packed tortuous glands?

Answer 58

Cardia

Question 59

Which part of stomach has shallow gastric pits with long straight gastric glands?

Answer 59

Body

Question 60

Which part of the stomach has deep gastric pits with branched, coiled gastric glands at a high density?

Answer 60

Pylorus

Question 61

Which part of the small intestine has the tallest villi?

Answer 61

Jejunum.

Question 62

NAME THE CELL: The most numerous cell in the small intestine, tall columnar cell with a brush border, they are principle absorptive cells.

Answer 62

Enterocytes

Question 63

NAME THE CELL: | Cell produces mucin to protect epithelium and lubricate passage of material.

Answer 63

Goblet cell.

Question 64

NAME THE CELL: Found at the base of crypts of Lieberkuhn, they have a defensive function and have a role in regulating bacterial flora (Secrete lysosyme and definsins)

Answer 64

Paneth cells

Question 65

NAME THE CELL: Produce hormones that contribute to control of secretion and motility. e.g Gastrin, cholecystikinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide.

Answer 65

Neuroendocrine cells

Question 66

NAME THE CELL: | Found at the base of crypts of lieberkuhn, they divide to replenish epithelium

Answer 66

Stem cell

Question 67

Where would you find brunner's glands and what are they?

Answer 67

They are found in the submucosa of the duodenum and stimulated by the presence of chyme to produce a thin alkaline mucous that therefore neutralises the chyme.

Question 68

What kind of cells can you find in the large intestine?

Answer 68

Absorptive and goblet.