Histology

Question 1

what 2 things is the nephron composed of?

Answer 1

renal corpuscle and renal tubules

Question 2

what is the renal corpuscle?

Answer 2

tuft if capillaries called the glomerulus and the bowmans capsule

Question 3

what is the bowmans capsule lined with?

Answer 3

simple squamous epithelium

Question 4

what is the glomerulus supplied and drained by?

Answer 4

supplied by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole

Question 5

what are the 2 cell layers that separate the blood from the glomerular filtrate?

Answer 5

the capillary endothelium and a specialised epithelium which lies on top of the glomerular capillaries- called podocytes

Question 6

what is an identifying feature of podocytes?

Answer 6

have interdigitating cell processes forming filtation slits

Question 7

what is between the 2 cell layers separating the blood from the glomerular filtrate?

Answer 7

a thicker than usual basal lamina

Question 8

what is the thick basal lamina made up of?

Answer 8

GAGs.

Question 9

what do the scattered mesangial cells produce?

Answer 9

a connective tissue core called the mesangium

Question 10

what are the functions of the mesangial cells?

Answer 10

support and removal of debris

Question 11

what is a major histologically feature of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 11

has a substantial brush border

Question 12

what is the appearance of the cells in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 12

cuboidal epithelial cells with central nucleus. lots of mitochondria

Question 13

in the medulla, what is the thin limb of loop of Henle lined with?

Answer 13

thin, simple squamous lining

Question 14

in the thin limb of loop of Henle, where is the nucleus?

Answer 14

typically protrudes into the lumen

Question 15

what is the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle lined by?

Answer 15

simple cuboidal epithelial cells

Question 16

what is abundant in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle?

Answer 16

mitonchondria

Question 17

the collecting ducts and the thick ascending limb are both lined by simple cuboidal epithelium, how can you tell them apart?

Answer 17

collecting ducts do not stain intensely whereas the thick ascending limb does as they are very active with their abundant mitochondria

Question 18

what are the vaso recta blood vessels?

Answer 18

A specific form of vasculature serving the medulla

Question 19

where are the distal convuluted tubules found?

Answer 19

in the cortex

Question 20

what are the DCT lined by?

Answer 20

simple cudoidal epithelium

Question 21

what does the DCT lack that the PCT has?

Answer 21

DCT lack a brush border and extensive microvilli.

Question 22

what gives rise to the medullary rays?

Answer 22

in the cortex, the collecting ducts, along with the straight segments of the proximal and distal tubules are gathered together in parrallel bundles running perpendicular to the surface of the kidney

Question 23

what is the lining of the collecting ducts?

Answer 23

simple columnar epithelium

Question 24

what are the ducts of bellini?

Answer 24

the section of the collecting duct thst converges on, and opens at the renal papilla into minor calyx

Question 25

where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus formed?

Answer 25

at the site where the DCT passes adjacent to the vascular pole of the same renal corpuscle that is part of that nephron.

Question 26

what are the 3 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 26

1. the macula densa 2. the juxtaglomerular cells 3. the extraglomerular mesangial cells (or lacis cells)

Question 27

at which side are the cells in the macula densa taller?

Answer 27

on the side where the DCT is nearest to the afferent arteriole

Question 28

what does the macula densa function to do?

Answer 28

sense ion composition in the DCT

Question 29

what are the juxtaglomerular cells and what do they contain and release?

Answer 29

modified smooth muscle cells in wall of the afferent arteriole, these cells contain/secrete renin.

Question 30

where do the extraglomerular mesangial cells extend to?

Answer 30

outside of the renal corpuscle

Question 31

what is almost all of the conducting parts of the urinary tract lined in?

Answer 31

transitional epithelium or urothelium

Question 32

describe urothelium?

Answer 32

stratified and 3-6 cell layers

Question 33

what are the cells called in the luminal surface of the conducting parts of the urinary tract?

Answer 33

umbrella cells

Question 34

what is the membrane of the umbrella cells facing the lumen like?

Answer 34

thickened and inflexible

Question 35

what 2 facts explain the special structure of the epithelium of the umbrella cells?

Answer 35

1. the variability in thickness of cells represents different states of distention 2. the apical surface of the cells at the surface have a thickened membrane to provide a highly impermeable barrier

Question 36

what is below the epithelium of the urothelium?

Answer 36

a lamina propria and 2-3 layers of smooth muscle

Question 37

what happens to the smooth muscle in the ureter as you get closer to the bladder?

Answer 37

it gets thicker

Question 38

what is the female urethra lined by?

Answer 38

initially by transitional epithelium but transitions to stratified squamous near its termination.

Question 39

what is the prostatic urethra (in males) lined by?

Answer 39

transitional epithelium

Question 40

where does the membranous urethra extend from?

Answer 40

the prostate to the bulb of the penis

Question 41

how long is the membranous urethra?

Answer 41

approx 1cm

Question 42

what lines the membranous urethra?

Answer 42

stratified columnar epithelium

Question 43

how long is the penile urethra?

Answer 43

approx 15cm

Question 44

what is the penile urethra lined by?

Answer 44

lined by stratified columnar epithelium which becomes stratified sqaumous epithelium near the tip of the penis

Question 45

what type of glands are in the prostate?

Answer 45

tubulo-alveolar glands

Question 46

what is the prostate lined in?

Answer 46

simple columnar secretory epithelium and with a fibromuscular stroma

Question 47

what percentage if seminal fluid volume is made up by the prostate secretions?

Answer 47

about half