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Endo Repro - Maja > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

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1
Q

Does the endocrine system have ducts?

A

No - secretes directly into the vascular channels (highly vascularized with rich blood supply)

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2
Q

Specific molecules secreted into the bloodstream that elicit selective responses from organs, tissues or cells

A

Hormones

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3
Q

How are hormones often regulated?

A

via feedback loops

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4
Q

What do cells need to have in order for hormones to be effective on them?

A

Complementary receptor molecules

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5
Q

Give examples of amino acid derived hormones in the body (includes proteins, glycoproteins, peptides or modified AA)

A

Pituitary
Parathyroid
Thyroid
Pancreatic islet cells

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6
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from ___________

A

cholesterol

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7
Q

Amino acid derived hormones are from what embryonic tissue layer?

A

endoderm or ectoderm

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8
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from what embryonic layer?

A

Mesoderm

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9
Q

What type of hormone will be derived from cells with abundant SER?

A

Steroids

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10
Q

In order for a hormone to target an intracellular receptor, the hormone must be _____ _______

A

lipid soluble

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11
Q

All amino acid derived hormones (except thyroid) target this receptor location

A

Cell surface receptors (on plasma membrane of target cells)

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12
Q

What are the differences in action between cell surface and intracellular receptors

A

Cell surface receptors activate secondary messenger cascades

Intracellular receptors target nucleus and activate gene expression

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13
Q

Discrete gland examples

A 
Pituitary
Pineal
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenals
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14
Q

Glands with endocrine and exocrine function

A

Kidney
Pancreas
Gonads
Placenta

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15
Q

Do paracrine secretions involve the vascular system?

A

No

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16
Q

Endocrine secretions

A

hormones secreted into the blood to target distant cells

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17
Q

paracrine secretions

A

neighboring cells

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18
Q

autocrine

A

Target sites on the same cell

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19
Q

How is the pituitary linked to the hypothalamus?

A

Via the infundibulum

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20
Q

What type of tissue is the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) or the pituitary?

A

glandular epithelial

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21
Q

What type of tissue is the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) or the pituitary?

A

neural secretory

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22
Q

Why does the posterior pituitary stain lighter than the anterior?

A

Neurons. They don’t stain well.

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23
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the anterior pituitary?

A

Oropharynx ectoderm

Rathke’s pouch

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24
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the posterior pituitary?

A

Neuroectoderm

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25
What is the fancy vascular system that supplies the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamohypophyseal Portal system
26
What 2 sets of vessels make up the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system
Superior hyophyseal arteries | Inferior hypophyseal arteries
27
What arteries make up the superior hypophyseal arteries and what area is supplied by this?
Arise from the internal carotid arteries and posterior communicating arteries of circle of willis Supplies pars tuberalis, median eminence and infundibulum
28
What makes up the inferior hypophyseal arteries and what are is supplied by this?
Arise from internal carotids | Supply pars nervosa
29
Does the anterior lobe of the pituitary have arterial blood supply?
No, not directly
30
Route of pituitary blood supply?
Arteries - fenestrated capillaries - portal veins - hypophyseal portal veins - second fenestrated sinusoidal capillary network
31
How does the anterior pituitary stain?
Dark - makes hormones so lots of RER and ribosomes
32
How does the posterior pituitary stain?
Lighter - nonmyelinated axons, nerve ending and blood vessels stain faintly
33
Which region of pituitary will you wind vesicles with colloid?
pars intermedia
34
3 division of the anterior pituitary
``` Pars distalis (75%) Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis ```
35
What types of cells are in the pars distalis?
Chromophobes (light) | Chromophils (dark)
36
Two types of chromophils?
Acidophils (stain pink) | Basophils (stain purple)
37
Somatotropes (GH, STH) and Mammotropes (PRL) are this type of chromophil
Acidophil
38
Thyrotropes (TSH), Gonadotropes (FSH, LH, ICSH), Corticotropes (ACTH, MSH) are this type of chromophil
Basophil
39
What types of hormones are made from basophils?
TSH (thyrotropes) FSH, LH, ICSH (gonadotropes) ACTH, MSH (corticotropes)
40
What types of hormones are made from acidophils?
GH, STH (somatotropes) | PRL (mammotropes)
41
The pars intermedia is lined by _____ _____ and filled with _____
Cuboidal epithelium | Colloid
42
what is produced in the pars intermedia?
MSH and corticotropes
43
The superior hypophyseal arteries terminate here (forming primary portal system plexus)
Pars tuberalis
44
The cells of the pars tuberalis contain these two hormones
FSH and LH
45
This neural track passes through the infundibular stalk
Hypothalamic hypophyseal tract
46
Hormones of the pars nervosa? (2)
Oxytocin | ADH
47
Where would you find pituicytes and herring bodies?
pars nervosa
48
Oxytocin functions?
Suckling, uterine contractions
49
Diabetes insipidus pathology?
Lack of ADH (or mutated receptor)
50
Location of the pineal gland?
Attached by stalk to roof of 3rd ventricle between 2 hemispheres Not separated by BBB
51
What innervates the pineal gland?
SNS (from superior cervical ganglion) PNS Epinephrine
52
Cell types of the pineal gland
Pinealocytes (produce melatonin) | Glial cells
53
What do pinealocytes do?
Produce melatonin
54
Radiologic marker for the pineal gland?
``` Brain sand (corpora arenacea) -concentration of calcium phosphate and carbonate on carrier proteins ```
55
Melatonin function
- Suppresses gonadotrophin (FSH and LH) via hypothalamus inhibition - Retards gonadal growth and function - Alters emotional responses to changes in day length
56
Embryologic origin of thyroid?
Pharyngeal endoderm (same as tongue)
57
Structure of thyroid
Two lateral lobes connected by isthmus CT capsule adjacent to larynx and upper trachea
58
Functional unit of the thyroid?
Follicles, surrounded by fenestrated capillaries
59
2 cell types of the thyroid
``` Follicular cells (principal) Parafollicular cells (c cells) ```
60
Histology of the thyroid follicle?
Simple epithelium (cuboidal, squamous and columnar)
61
What types of cells synthesize thyroid hormones?
Follicular cells
62
Basal end of follicular cells face which direction?
Towards the basement membrane, away from colloid
63
Physiology of inactive follicular cells?
``` "resting" Basal levels of thyroglobulin Low cuboidal to squamous Few mito, small golgi some RER ```
64
Physiology of active follicular cells?
``` Stimulated by TSH (from pit.) Columnar Lots of mito, big golgi Lots of RER Lipid droplets/PAS pos. Apical lysosomes T3 and T4 release - basal surface ```
65
Where are parafollicular cells found
between follicular cells and basement membrane (not on lumen)
66
What is the function of parafollicular (c cells)?
Synthesize calcitonin
67
Calcitonin function?
Lowers blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption Decreases osteoclast motility and numbers Promotes excretion of calcium and phosphate from kidneys
68
What is necessary for the synthesis of T3 and T4
Synthesis Thyroglobulin | Resorption, diffusion and oxidation of Iodide
69
Where is thyroglobulin found?
Colloid (3 month supply stored)
70
If you see vacuoles in the thyroid what does that mean?
the gland is active
71
What AA is a large component of colloid?
Tyrosine
72
What produces TSH?
thyrotropes (basophil) that are found in the pars distalis
73
How is T3 and T4 produced?
Pinocytosis of thyroglobulin in colloid - fusion with lysosomes and thyroglobulin proteolysis - Formation and release of T3 and T4 to cytoplasm and diffusion (binds to carrier proteins)
74
Where do you find the parathyroid glands?
Two pairs. Located on posterior surface of each lateral lobe.
75
Embryologic origin of parathyroid?
Pharyngeal endoderm
76
What separates parathyroid from thyroid?
CT capsules
77
Name the three cell types of the parathyroid
Chief (principal) Oxyphil Fat
78
Active Chief cell of Parathyroid
More RER, big golgi, vesicles Depleted glycogen Secreting PTH
79
PTH function
Regulate circulating calcium
80
How doe PTH increase blood calcium?
Increase osteoclast numbers indirectly by stimulating osteoblasts to produce osteoclast stimulating factor (RANKL) Osteoclasts DO NOT have PTH receptor Osteoclasts have PTH receptor
81
What type of bone cell has a PTH receptor
Osteoblasts - makes osteoclast stimulating factor (RANKL)

Endo Repro - Maja (7 decks)

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