Histology

Question 1

What type of epithelium is present in the roof of the nasal cavity?

Answer 1

Olfactory epithelium

Question 2

What is the initial part of the nasal cavity, the vestibule lined by?

Answer 2

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 3

Deeper into the lining of the nasal cavity, what is lost?

Answer 3

Keratin

Question 4

What lines nearly all the rest of the conducting part of the respiratory system?

Answer 4

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

or Respiratory epithelium

Question 5

What is another description for respiratory epithelium?

Answer 5

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 6

What two cells are present in respiratory epithelium?

Answer 6

Goblet cells
Basal cells (stem cells)

Question 7

What lies underneath the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 7

Lamina propria which is a band of connective tissue containing seromucous glands. It also has a rich venous plexus - can quickly engorge with blood and ‘block’ the nose

Question 8

What two things does the oropharynx transmit?

Answer 8

Air and swallowed food

Question 9

What is the oropharynx lined by?

Answer 9

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 10

What is the anterior (lingual) surface and upper part of the posterior surface of the epiglottis lined by?

Answer 10

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 11

What are the walls of the larynx made up of?

Answer 11

Cartilage and muscles

Question 12

What lines the larynx, with the exception of the vocal folds and adjacent structures?

Answer 12

Respiratory epithelium

Question 13

In the larynx, what lines the vocal folds and adjacent structures?

Answer 13

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 14

How many C shaped cartilages does the trachea contain?

Answer 14

15 - 20

Question 15

In the trachea, what is the open side of the ‘C’ of the cartilage spanned by?

Answer 15

Fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle (trachealis muscle)

Question 16

What does the open end of the “C” cartilage of the trachea point to?

Answer 16

Oesophagus

Question 17

What wall includes a lining or respiratory epithelium backed by a basal lamina, a lamina propria of connective tissue with abundant elastic fibres and a submucosa of loose connective tissue that includes numerous seromucous glands?

Answer 17

The wall of the trachea

Question 18

In the bronchi, what are the rings of hyaline cartilage replaced by?

Answer 18

Irregularly shaped cartilage plates

Question 19

Describe the epithelium of the bronchi?

Answer 19

Respiratory in type, with the lamoina propria containing a discontinuous layer of smooth muscle and seromucous glands

Question 20

Are cartilage plates present in the bronchioles?

Answer 20

No

Question 21

What two things make up the acini?

Answer 21

Respiratory bronchiole

Alveolar sacs and alveoli

Question 22

What are less than 1mm in diamater and lack cartilage and glands, but may contain a few goblet cells in their initial portion?

Answer 22

Bronchioles

Question 23

What changes with the epithelium as you progress down the respiratory tree to the smallest bronchioles?

Answer 23

The epithelium decreases in height from columnar to cuboidal

Question 24

In the smallest of bronchioles, what is the lamina propria composed of?

Answer 24

Smooth muscle and elastic and collagenous fibres

Question 25

What do the smooth muscles of the bronchioles respond to?

Answer 25

Parasympathetic innervation, histamine and other factors by contracting and constricting the diameter of the bronchiole.

Question 26

What are terminal bronchioles lined with?

Answer 26

Cuboidal ciliated epithelium and contain non-ciliated club/clara cells that project above the level of adjacent ciliated cells.

Question 27

What interrupts the continuity of the respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 27

Alveoli

Question 28

What is the low cuboidal epithelium replaced by in alveoli?

Answer 28

Discontinuous squamous type I alveolar cells

Question 29

What are the 4 roles of Clara cells (club cells)?

Answer 29

1. Stem cells 2. Detoxification 3. Immune modulation 4. Surfactant production

Question 30

What two portions can the respiratory system be divided into?

Answer 30

1. The conducting portion | 2. The respiratory portion

Question 31

What is the conducting portion of the respiratory system between?

Answer 31

Trachea to end of terminal bronchiole

Question 32

What is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system made up of?

Answer 32

Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct and alveolar sac

Question 33

What are terminal portions of the bronchial tree and responsible for the spongy nature of the lungs?

Answer 33

Alveoli

Question 34

What resembles pockets similar to a honey comb?

Answer 34

Alveoli

Question 35

What two types of cells are the alveoli lined by?

Answer 35

Type I alveolar cells | Type II alveolar cells (alveolar cells are also called pneumocytes)

Question 36

What type of alveolar cell is simple squamous epithelium that lines the alveolar surfaces covering 90% of the alveolar surface?

Answer 36

Type I cells

Question 37

What do type I alveolar cells provide?

Answer 37

A barrier of minimal thickness that is permeable to gases

Question 38

What type of alveolar cells are polygonal in shape, the free surface is covered by microvilli and the cytoplasm displays dense membrane bound lamellar bodies which contain surfactant?

Answer 38

Type II cells

Question 39

What do lamellar bodies in type II cells contain?

Answer 39

Surfactant

Question 40

How is surfactant released from lamellar bodies of type II alveolar cells?

Answer 40

Exocytosis and spreads over the pulmonary surface

Question 41

What reduces surface tension at the air-fluid interface?

Answer 41

Surfactant

Question 42

What does surfactant reduce the tendency for?

Answer 42

The alveoli to collapse at the end of expiration

Question 43

In addition to the alveolar type I and II cells, what other cells are present in alveoli?

Answer 43

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

Question 44

Where are alveolar macrophages located?

Answer 44

In the septa or migrating over the luminal surfaces of the alveoli

Question 45

What do alveolar macrophages phagocytose?

Answer 45

Inhaled particles that may have escaped entrapment by the mucous lining of the airway

Question 46

What three things does the air-blood barrier consist of?

Answer 46

Type I cell, endothelial cell and the basal lamina

Question 47

What three things does the nasal cavity provide an extensive area for, in relation to inspired air?

Answer 47

1. Warming 2. Moistening 3. Filtering