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CardioPulm Final > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe smooth muscle physical characteristics

A

swollen in the center w/ finely tapered ends; central nucleus that is typically a little elongated but doesn’t get flattened down; no visible striations; interconnected by gap junctions

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2
Q

What is the purpose of dense bodies?

A

equivalent to Z discs that anchor to actin and myosin in smooth muscle cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is the purpose of caveolae?

A

equivalent to T-tubles; small indentations that allow Ca signaling into the cell to create contraction

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4
Q

Describe cardiac muscle physical characteristics

A

short, branched, Y shaped cells w/ extensive capillaries and centrally located nucleus

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5
Q

What is the purpose of intercalated discs?

A

transverse junctions between cardiac muscle cells (where cells meet end to end) that allows for the passage of electrical current

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6
Q

What is unique about the organelles in cardiac muscle cells?

A

organelles and cell fibers loop around the centrally located nucleus to protect it from damage w/ intense cell contraction

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7
Q

Describe the layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous - outer covering of dense CT
Parietal serous - lines inner surface of fibrous
Visceral serous - covers outer surface of heart (epicardium)
Pericardial cavity - space between parietal and visceral layers

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8
Q

Describe the layers of the heart wall

A

mesothelium - simple squamous epithelium (outer layer)
underlying layer of loose CT and adipose tissue (where coronary vessels usually found)
Myocardium - heart muscle
Endocardium - loose connective tissue and endothelium (simple squamous)

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9
Q

What makes up the epicardium?

A

mesothelium + underlying layer of loose CT and adipose tissue -> much thicker than endocardium

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10
Q

Function of fascia adherens?

A

actin based filaments at ends of sarcomeres that transmit contract forces between cells in a way that prevents damage (most prevalent)

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11
Q

Function of desmosomes?

A

provide anchorage for intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton (prevent tearing of myocardium)

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12
Q

Function of gap (nexus) junctions?

A

sites of low electrical resistance; allows excitation to pass between cells

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13
Q

What makes up a Dyad T-tubule? What is its function?

A

1 T-tubule + 1 SR cisterna (fewer number compared to triad T tubule in skeletal muscle; permits uniform contraction myofibrils within single cardiomyocyte

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14
Q

What are lipofuscin granules?

A

small bodies that accumulate around the nucleus w/ age; material from residual bodies after lysosomal digestion

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15
Q

What cells contains ANF and BNF? What is the purpose of ANF?

A

myoendocrine cells (atrial cardiomyocytes) - ANF targets kidneys to increase filtration rate (decreases Na and H2O retention)

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16
Q

What makes endocardium thicker in ventricles compared to atria?

A

ventricles have subendocardial layer - thin layer of CT w/ smooth muscle that contains Purkinje fibers between myocardium and endocardium

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17
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of Purkinje fibers

A

more rounded than cardiac muscle cells; larger cell and nucleus; some intercalated discs (not many) and mostly lack T tubules

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18
Q

What does the cardiac skeleton consist of? What is its purpose?

A

4 rings (one around each valve) and 2 trigones (broader areas that connect rings to valve; anchors valves and surrounds AV canals to help maintain shape

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19
Q

What are heart valves?

A

extensions of endocardium on either side of opening between chambers that is continuous w/ cardiac skeleton

20
Q

Where is the tunica intima?

A

layer most closely exposed to the vessel (most internal layer)

21
Q

What are the layers of tunica intima?

A

endothelium - single layer of squamous epithelial cells
Basal lamina of endothelial cells
Subendothelial layer of loose CT

22
Q

Where would you find the internal elastic membrane (lamina)?

A

in the subendothelial layer of tunica intima of arteries and arterioles; links tunica intima to tunica media

23
Q

What is found in the tunica media? In what vessels is this layer thick?

A

circumferentially arranged layer of smooth muscle; relatively thick in arteries

24
Q

Where would you find the external elastic membrane (lamina)?

A

on the outer border of the tunica media; links tunica media to tunica adventitia

25
Q

What makes up tunica adventitia? How thick is it in arteries and veins?

A

collagenous loose CT w/ few elastic fibers; relatively thin in arteries and thick in veins/venules

26
Q

What is vasa vasorum and where is it found?

A

vessels of tunica adventitia; supply blood to vascular walls (vessels of vessels)

27
Q

What is nervi vasorum and where is it found?

A

ANS input that controls contraction of vascular smooth muscle (nerves of vessels); found in tunica adventitia

28
Q

Describe large (elastic) arteries and the physiology behind its structure

A

thick tunica media w/ elastin forming sheets/lamellae between muscle cell layers -> elastin allows arterial wall to expand due to high pressures during systole

29
Q

What is prominent in medium (muscular) arteries?

A

internal elastic membrane is prominent (folds down on itself and looks wrinkly); also has recognizable external elastic membrane

30
Q

How thick is tunica media in muscular arteries compared to elastic arteries?

A

more smooth muscle and less elastin present in tunica media (less BP); relatively thick tunica adventitia - about same thickness as tunica media

31
Q

How would you distinguish small arteries from arterioles?

A

small arteries have up to 8 layers of smooth muscle and internal elastic membrane

arterioles have 1-2 layers of smooth muscle and internal elastic membrane may not be present

32
Q

What are pericytes and what is their function?

A

perivascular contractile cells/ branching processes found in capillaries; they are controlled by NO produced by endothelial cells and promote stability of capillaries

33
Q

Describe continuous capillaries

A

continuous layer of endothelial cells surrounded by basal lamina; only small substances (gases etc.) can diffuse

34
Q

Describe fenestrated capillaries

A

endothelial cells have pores that allow larger material to diffuse but with restrictions; basal lamina continuous; located in places we want filtration (kidneys)

35
Q

Describe sinusoidal capillaires

A

no regulation; pores are large enough for full cells to fit through and basal lamina is discontinuous; found in bone marrow and liver

36
Q

Where would you find endothelial cells? What are their functions?

A

innermost layer of tunica intima (lining vessel wall); they support basement membrane and produce collagen; also involved in coagulation and local vasodilation/constriction

37
Q

What is a metarteriole?

A

first branch off arteriole to capillary bed

38
Q

What is a true capillary?

A

branch from metarteriole that lacks smooth muscle but may have pericytes

39
Q

What is a thoroughfare channel?

A

distal end of metartiole that connects to post capillary venule; lacks smooth muscle

40
Q

What is the function of precapillary sphincters?

A

to regulate blood through true capillaries; when contracted, they shunt blood flow away from capillary bed -> forces blood to enter venous return quickly

41
Q

What are 2 classifications of venules?

A

postcapillary - drains capillaries; no true tunica media

muscular - 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media

42
Q

How would you describe small veins?

A

continuous w/ muscular venules but they have all 3 layers w/ a thicker tunica adventitia

43
Q

What do medium veins travel with? What makes them different from venules/small veins?

A

they travel w/ muscular arteries and contain valves

44
Q

What are examples of large veins? What is their thickest layer?

A

superior/inferior vena cava, hepatic portal vein; their thickest layer is tunica adventitia but overall, wall is thinner than arteries

45
Q

Describe the internal structure of lymphatic capillaries

A

closed-ended tubes in the capillary bed; overlapping endothelial cells form a 1-way valve for collecting lymph

46
Q

What is the flow of lymphatics?

A

lymphatic capillaires -> vessels -> trunks -> right lymphatic duct -> thoracic duct drains into brachiocephalic veins

CardioPulm Final (8 decks)

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