Histology Flashcards
(35 cards)
Kidney
Collagenous fibrous capsule Connective tissue lining renal sinus Cortex and medulla Medullary pyramids Minor calyces Hilum- renal artery enters, renal vein and ureter exit
Nephron
Renal corpuscle- filtrate plasma, Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule- simple squamous epithelium
Glomerulus- network of capillaries that invaginate Bowman’s capsule- supplied by afferent arterioles and drained by efferent arterioles
Cell layers that separate blood form glomerula filtrate; capillary endothelium and podocytes
Glomerulus- contains mesangial cells that produce a connective tissue core and remove debris
Duct system
Renal tubule- from the Bowman’s capsule to junction with collecting duct- selectively reabsorbs water from glomerula filtrate
Proximal convoluted tubules(PCT)- simple cuboidal epithelium with brush border and mitochondria
Loop of henle- creates hypertonic environment in medulla
Vasa recta- blood vessels dip down into medulla and up to cortex
Distal convoluted tubules(DCT)- continuation of thick limbs
Collecting tubules- converge to form collecting ducts. Bundles through the cortex form medullary rays.
Medullary rays- open ducts of Bellini to release urine into minor calyx
Extraglomerular apparatus
Macula densa- tall epithelium, between efferent and afferent arterioles, senses sodium content in DCT
Juxtaglomerular cells- modified smooth muscle cells in wall of afferent arteriole
Extraglomerular mesangial cells- modified mesangial cells extending out renal corpuscle
Male reproductive system
Production of spermatozoa
Delivery of semen into the female reproductive tract
Testis
Produce male gametes- spermatozoa and testosterone
Surrounded by thick fibrous capsule, tunica albuginea and mesothelium
Each lobe- 1-4 convoluted seminiferous tubules; lined by seminiferous epithelium and germ cells and support cells(sertoli)
Sertoli cells- support developing spermatozoa and control production
Leydig cells- synthesise and secrete testosterone
Seminiferous tubules
Connected at end of each straight tubule
Rete testis- cilliated simple cuboidal epithelium, convey spermatozoa out of testis to efferent ducts.
Efferent ducts
About 12- carry spermatozoa to head of epididymis; lined by cilliated pseudostratified cuboidal to columnar
Leaves testis via common duct to the epididymis
Stores spermatozoa that matures and becomes motile
Epididymis
Highly coiled- pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia
Smooth muscle produces strong peristalsis during ejaculation
Prostate and seminal vesicles
Seminal vesicles- sac with complex folds, contains fructose; pseudostratified columnar epithelium and smooth muscle
Duct from seminal vesicle joins vas deferens= ejaculatory duct
Prostate- largest accessory gland, produces watery fluid
Fibromusclar capsule
3 zones; transition zone, central zone, peripheral zone
External genitalia
Penis- skin keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
3 Erectile columns- 2 corpus cavernosa, 1 corpus spongiosum
Erectile tissue- blood sinuses
Sinuses- supplied by the helicine arteries
Penile urethra- stratified columnar epithelium to non-keratinised stratified squamous
Spermatogenesis
Type A- spermatogonia, self renewing stem cells, divide mitotically to form B spermatogonia
Type B- not stem cells, divide repeatedly into primary spermatocytes
Primary spermatocytes- enter prolonged phase of first meiotic division and form secondary spermatocyte
Secondary spermatocyte- enter second meiotic division to form spermatids
Spermatids- turn into spermatozoa by terminal phase of spermatogenesis
Acrosomal cap- access of spermozoa through corona radiata and the zone of pellucida of the oocyte.
The female reproductive system
Organs; internal- ovaries, oviducts, uterus
External- labia minora, labia majora, clitoris, bulb of vestibule
Ovaries
Function- production and ovulation of oocyte, production and secretion of hormones
Surface- simple cuboidal (germinal epithelium)
Fibrous connective tissue forms thin capsules- tunica albuginea
Follicular development
Primordial follicle- one layer of squamous pregranulsa cells, surrounded by stromal cells
Primary follicle- cuboidal or columnar granulosa cells, proflieration changes them to stratified epithelium. Stromal cells form theca follicula. Zone of pellucida forms.
Late primary follicle- thecal cells divide, interna and externa.
Sceondary follicle- enlarges and form antrum in granulsa cell layer. Granulsa and thecal layers proliferate.
Graafian follicle- antrum enlarges. Cumulus cells form around oocyte. Corona radiata will separate form lining granulsa cells.
After ovulation
Corpus luteum- follicle changes into this. If no implantation occurs it becomes a white coloured connective tissue, corpus albicans.
If implantation occurs, HCG is secreted which prevents it from being degraded.
Uterine tubes
Mucosa- folded and formed by cilliated and secretory epithelium
Secretory cells- peg cells
Uterus
Wall- endometrium
Endometrium- pseudostratified columnar with cilliated and secretory cells
2 layers- stratum basalis- not shed
Stratum functionalis- shed
Cervix
Fibrous connective tissue- mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamous.
Non-lactating breast
Subcutaneous fat and secretory tissue with mammary glands
Secretory tissue- 15-25 lobules
Terminal duct lobular unit(TDLU)- contains an individual tubule, acinar gland
Lactiferous duct- cuboidal basal cell and columnar superficial cells.
Branched of lactiferous ducts- lined with stratified cuboidal or columnar epithelium to stratified squamous.
Nipple
Surface- non-keratinised stratified squamous
Lactating breast
Mammary glands- large amount of growth occurs
Blood vessel: layers
Inner layer; tunica intima, single layer of squamous epithelial cells, endothelial cells.
Middle layer; tunica media
Outer layer; tunica adventitia
Erythrocytes
Biconcave discs
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide around body
