Histology Flashcards by Brett Gillespie

“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”

Emergent Properties

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Bulk movement of components out of the cell via a membrane transporter

Exocytosis

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Bulk movement of substances into a cell via vesicles formed at the plasmalemma

Endocytosis

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Type of endocytosis where vesicles engulf foreign materials as extensions of pseudopodia

Phagocytosis

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Endocytosis where vesicles take up interstitial fluid into the cell

Pinocytosis

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Endocytosis where plasma membrane receptors bind to specific substances, and the substance and receptor are uptaken into the cell

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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Triggered/intentional cell death

Apoptosis

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Rough ER function

Modifies, Transports, Sorts proteins produced by attached ribosomes

These proteins are secreted for use in plasma membrane, used as enzymes in lysosomes

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Smooth ER function

Synthesizes, stores, and transports lipids. Metab of carbohydrates. Forms vesicles and peroxisomes. Detox of toxins (drugs, alcohol, etc).

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Golgi apparatus function

Modifies, packages, and stores materials arrived from the Rough ER.

Forms secretory vesicles and lysosomes

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Vesicle Function

Transportation of cellular materials

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Lysosome function

Digestion of microbes or cellular materials (or entire cell)

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Peroxisome function

Detox of specific harmful substances either uptaken or produced by the cell via redox reactions

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Mitochondria Function

Aerobic synthesis of ATP via glycolysis and ATP synthase reactions

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Ribosomes function

Protein synthesis via RNA synthase (translation)

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Cytoskeleton function

Maintains cell structure and participates in mitosis/meiosis

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Centrosome function

Organizes microtubules and participates in mitotic spindle formation

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Proteases

Enzymes that degrade and digest proteins that are faulty (Quality Assurance enzymes)

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Inclusions

Aggregates of proteins, lipids, carbs, etc to serve as temporary storage sites for these molecules

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What organelles are double membrane?

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Nucleus

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DNA core and histones

Nucleosome

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Packed nucleosomes in 30-nm chromatin fiber

Chromatin

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Extended loops of transcriptionally active chromatin that is tethered to a protein scaffold

Chromosome

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Condensed heterochromatin and dispersed euchromatin

Chromatids

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The middle section of the chromosome

Centromere

Tissue definition

A collection of cells and their ECM, have a common embryonic origin, and organized to perform a specific function

Four main tissue types in adults

Muscular, Nervous, Epithelial, Connective

Tissue type that lines body surface, cavities, and lumens

Epithelial

Subdivision of this tissue type lines body cavities (like plueral, pericardium, etc)

Mesothelium

Subtype of one of the four main tissues that lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymph vessels

Endothelium

Subtype of one of the four main tissues that lines the body wall

Epithelium

Which type of epithelial tissue secretes products into the lumen, external environment, or blood stream?

Secretory epithelium

A collection of cell bodies in the PNS

Ganglion

Borders of the CNS

The CNS is the white and gray matter of the brain and spinal CORD

Gel-like connective tissue, can be dense and loose

Connective Tissue (CT) proper

Solid connective tissue (cartilage and bone)

Supportive CT

Connective tissue that comprises of blood and lymph

Fluid Connective Tissue

The hydrophilic molecule that is part of the plasmalemma that keeps the ground substances hydrated

Glucosaminoglycans (GAG)

Simple Squamous epithelium location

Lining of vessels; serous lining of cavities; pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum

Simple squamous epithelium function

Facilitates movement of viscera; pinocytosis active transport; secretion of bioactive molecules

Simple cuboidal epithelium location

Ovary covering and thyroid

Simple cuboidal epithelium function

Covering and secretion

Simple columnar epithelium location

Large intestine and gallbladder

Simple columnar epithelium function

Protection, lubrication, absorption, and secretion

Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized) location

Epidermis

Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized) function

Prevents water loss, protection

Stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized) location

Mouth, esophagus, larynx, vagina, anal canal

Stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized) function

Protection, secretion, preventing water loss

Stratified cuboidal Epi. Location

Sweat glands, developing ovary follicles

Stratified cuboidal epi function

Protection and secretion

Stratified Columnar Epi location

Conjunctiva

Stratified Columnar Epi Function

Protection

Stratified Transitional location

Ureter, kidney, bladder

Stratified transitional function

Protection and distensibility

Pseudo-stratified Epithelium location

Trachea lining, bronchi, nasal cavity

Pseudo-stratified Epithelium function

Protection, secretion, cilia-mediated transport of particles trapped in mucous out of the air passages

Type of cell-to-cell junction responsible for preventing paracellular transport

Tight junction (zonula occludens)

Type of cell-to-cell junction responsible for binding neighboring cells (band-like around circumference)

Adherens Junctions (zonula adherens)

Type of cell-to-cell junction responsible for focal adhesions to neighboring cells to provide stability

Desmosomes (macula adherens)

Type of cell-to-cell junction responsible for direct cell-cell transport and communication

Gap junctions (nexus)

Binds to basal domain and CT; responsible for preventing downward growth; permits nutrient movement between EPI and underlying CT; Facilitates selective permeability of EP

Basement membrane

Type of cell-to-cell junction responsible for binding epithelial cell to basement membrane

Hemidesmosomes

Plasmalemma folding that increases the surface area of the cell (epithelium)

Plicae

Ductless glands that deposit secretory products into the blood stream

Endocrine (a type of secretory epithelium)

Secretory glands that maintain a free connection to the surface via ducts or directly

Exocrine (secretory epithelium type)

Merocrine definition

(AKA eccrine) membrane-bound vesicles fuse to apical membrane and release into lumen

Holocrine

Secretory products build up in the cytoplasm, cell undergoes apoptosis to release secretions AND cellular debris

Apocrine

Secretory products and some cytoplasm are released within an envelope of plasmalemma

Three types of cell signaling

Endocrine, autocrine, paracrine

Three secretory portion shapes of the cells

Tubular, Tubulo-acinar, acinar

Simple duct

Single duct with no branching from one of the three main shapes

Compound duct

Many portion-shaped cells release into one common duct

Coiled complexity

Secretary cell portion has a “coiled” appearance

Branched complexity

Multiple secretory cells drain into a duct

Histology Flashcards

(74 cards)