Histology

Question 1

where would you find squamous epithelium cells

Answer 1

endothelial lining of blood vessels, mesothelial lining of body cavities and on lung alveoli

Question 2

functions of cuboidal epithelium

Answer 2

excretory, secretory, absorptive, lines small ducts and tubules

Question 3

where would you find cuboidal epithelium cells

Answer 3

kidney tubules and ovaries

Question 4

why do goblet cells weakly stain

Answer 4

because of the mucus they contain`

Question 5

what is white fibrous tissue also known as

Answer 5

dense regular connective tissue

Question 6

describe the structure of white fibrous tissue

Answer 6

fibroblasts interspersed between inelastic collagen fibres aligned in the same direction

Question 7

what are fibrocytes

Answer 7

fibroblasts, involved in production of collagen precursors

Question 8

functions of dense regular connective tissue

Answer 8

connect structures requiring mechanically strong bond, support and protect surrounding structure, ligaments, tendons, kidney capsule

Question 9

what are reticulin fibres made of

Answer 9

collagen 3

Question 10

what colour do collagen fibres appear under reticulin stain

Answer 10

red brown

Question 11

functions of liver

Answer 11

plasma protein synthesis, vitamin and iron storage, drug and toxin degradation and bile production

Question 12

what is smooth muscle

Answer 12

non-striated muscle made up of slow, indefatigable, uni-nucleated spindle shaped cells

Question 13

which types of muscle carry out involuntary movement

Answer 13

smooth and cardiac

Question 14

where are smooth muscle cells found

Answer 14

surrounding ducts, blood vessels, GI tract, uterus

Question 15

two types of striated muscle

Answer 15

cardiac and skeletal

Question 16

what is the repeating functional unit in striated muscle

Answer 16

sarcomeres

Question 17

properties of striated muscle

Answer 17

rapid, can fatigue, carry out voluntary movement, attach to bones by tendons

Question 18

how does cardiac muscle differ to skeletal muscle

Answer 18

cardiac muscle is made of cardiomyocytes which have a singular central nuclei, found in heart

Question 19

what is found between intercalated discs in cardiac muscle

Answer 19

gap junctions - which allow action potential to spread

Question 20

what are purkynje fibres

Answer 20

modified cardiac cells which contain more glycogen and fewer myofibrils

Question 21

innervation of Pacinian corpuscles

Answer 21

free nerve ending

Question 22

what is a hair bulb

Answer 22

when the base of the hair follicle bulges around the hair papilla

Question 23

what muscles are found at hair follicle

Answer 23

smooth arector pili muscles, also attached to papillary layer of scalp dermis

Question 24

functions of adrenal gland

Answer 24

helps maintain homeostasis by regulating functions of other tissues, produces corticosteroids, aid in body’s stress response

Question 25

what is the outer region of adrenal gland called

Answer 25

adrenal cortex - produces hormones crucial to healthy functioning of body

Question 26

zona glomerulosa

Answer 26

secretes mineralocorticoids (15%)

Question 27

zona fasciculata

Answer 27

secretes glucocorticoids (70%)

Question 28

zona reticularis

Answer 28

secretes adrenal sex hormones (15%)

Question 29

what are follicles in thyroid gland filled with

Answer 29

colloid called thyroglobulin - iodine rich inactive form of thyroid hormones

Question 30

what do follicular cells secrete

Answer 30

T3 and T4

Question 31

what do parafollicular/ c cells secrete

Answer 31

calcitonin

Question 32

how can you distinguish between follicular and parafollicular cells

Answer 32

parafollicular cells have paler stained cytoplasm, are larger and are not exposed to the follicular lumens

Question 33

endocrine glands

Answer 33

are ductless and secrete hormones directly into circulatory system

Question 34

exocrine glands

Answer 34

secrete their products through ducts opening on to an epithelium

Question 35

beta cells

Answer 35

contain secretory granules, giving it a dark centre and a pale halo under stain

Question 36

acini cells

Answer 36

synthesise and secrete peptidases, lipases

Question 37

zymogen granules

Answer 37

secretory organelles in which acinar cells store inactive enzymes

Question 38

pancreas functions

Answer 38

regulating blood sugar and aiding digestion

Question 39

what regulates the pancreas' activity

Answer 39

parasympathetic system via vagus nerve

Question 40

function of brunners glands

Answer 40

secrete alkaline mucus to neutralise stomach acid along with goblet cells

Question 41

3 layers to duodenum

Answer 41

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis

Question 42

enterokinase

Answer 42

activates pancreatic enzymes

Question 43

functions duodenum

Answer 43

neutralizes gastric juice, mixes bile and enzymes, absorbs water and nutrients

Question 44

parenchyma

Answer 44

functional component of liver made up by hepatocytes

Question 45

liver stroma

Answer 45

made up of reticulin (type 3 collagen) supports liver and hepatocytes

Question 46

sinusoid function

Answer 46

mix oxygen-rich blood from hepatic artery with nutrient-rich blood from portal vein

Question 47

sinusoid structure

Answer 47

fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries travelling between plates of hepatocytes, contains Kupffer cells (macrophage)

Question 48

spaces of Disse

Answer 48

located between hepatocytes and sinusoids, store vitamin A

Question 49

hepatocytes have...

Answer 49

2-4 nuclei and lifespan of 5 months

Question 50

function of liver

Answer 50

plasma protein synthesis, vitamin and iron storage, drug and toxin degradation, bile production

Question 51

layers of blood vessels inner to outer

Answer 51

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia/externa

Question 52

layers of blood vessels outer to inner

Answer 52

tunica adventitia/externa, tunica media, tunica intima

Question 53

tunica intima

Answer 53

lined by epithelium comprised of simple squamous epithelial cells

Question 54

tunica media

Answer 54

smooth muscle with adrenergic receptors innervated by sympathetic nervous system

Question 55

tunica adventitia

Answer 55

composed of type 1 collagen and connective tissue, anchors vessels to organs

Question 56

examples of elastic arteries

Answer 56

aorta carotid

Question 57

difference between arteries and veins

Answer 57

veins contain valves and have thinner tunica media and wider more irregular lumens