Histology

Question 1

How is the appearance of the lipid bilayer described?

Answer 1

Trilaminar

Question 2

What are the two types of microtubules?

Answer 2

Dynein and Kinesin

Question 3

Dynein is an ATPase that moves towards the cell _______

Answer 3

Centre

Question 4

Kinesin is an ATPase that moves towards the cell _______

Answer 4

Periphery

Question 5

Where are ribosomes formed?

Answer 5

Nucleolus

Question 6

Which nuclear structure is continuous with the rough ER?

Answer 6

Perinuclear cistern

Question 7

Where is rRNA transcribed?

Answer 7

Nucleolus

Question 8

Euchromatin is …

Answer 8

… dispersed DNA undergoing transcription

Question 9

Heterochromatin is …

Answer 9

… condensed DNA

Question 10

Haematoxylin is a _____ dye that has an affinity for _____ molecules i.e. _______ & ______

Answer 10

Haematoxylin is a basic dye that has an affinity for acidic molecules i.e. nucleus & ribosomes

Remember: A in DNA stands for Acid

Question 11

Eosin is a _____ dye that has an affinity for _____ molecules i.e. _______

Answer 11

Eosin is a acidic dye that has an affinity for basic molecules i.e. cytoplasm proteins

Question 12

What is the difference between endocine and exocrine epithelial gland function?

Answer 12

Endocrine - secreted at basal end into vasculature for distribution

Exocrine - secreted at apical end into lumen of ductal system

Question 13

Give examples of soft connective tissue

Answer 13

Tendons, Ligaments, Mesentary, Stroma of Organs, Dermis

Question 14

How are soft connective tissues classified?

Answer 14

Loose - loosely packed fibres separated by abundant ground substance

Dense Irregular (i.e. Dermis) - collagen fibres in many directions allowing stretch and moderate strength in all directions

Dense Regular (i.e. Tendon) - collagen fibres are aligned for unidirectional strength

Question 15

Which type of hard connective tissue is avascular?

Answer 15

Cartilage

Question 16

Describe the structure of smooth muscle cells

Answer 16

Spindle-shaped cells with a cigar-shaped nucleus

Question 17

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle cells

Answer 17

Giant multi-nucleated cylindrical cells (nuclei are located around the periphery)

Question 18

Describe the structure of cardiac muscle cells

Answer 18

Cells with a single central nuclei and intercalated discs between adjacent cells

Question 19

What is the ratio of neurones to glial cells in the nervous system?

Answer 19

1:10

Question 20

Role of Astrocytes

Answer 20

CNS support cell; establishes blood-brain barrier

Question 21

Role of Oligodendrocytes

Answer 21

Produces myelin in CNS

Question 22

Role of Microglia

Answer 22

Provides immune surveillance

Question 23

Role of Schwann cells

Answer 23

Produces myelin in PNS

Question 24

Respiratory epithelium in trachea…

Answer 24

Pseudostratified cilliated Columnar epithelium with Goblet cells

Question 25

How does epithelium change as you descend through respiratory tree?

Answer 25

Cells become flatter - from columnar to cuboidal to squamous

Question 26

How does cartilage distribution change as you descend through respiratory tree?

Answer 26

Cartilage is gradually lost

Question 27

Where in the respiratory tree does epithelial cells become cuboidal in shape?

Answer 27

Bronchioles

Question 28

What type of epithelium lines the respiratory alveoli?

Answer 28

Simple squamous

Question 29

From superficial to deep, what are the histological layers of blood vessels?

Answer 29

``` Tunica Adventitia External Elastic Membrane Tunica Media - mainly smooth muscle Internal Elastic Membrane Tunica Intima - squamous epithelium ```

Question 30

What are the three types of capillaries? and give examples of where they may be found?

Answer 30

Continuous - muscle, nerve, lung, skin Fenestrated - gut mucosa, endocrine glands, kidney Discontinuous - liver, spleen, bone marrow

Question 31

From superficial to deep, what are the main layers of the GI tract?

Answer 31

Serosa/Adventitia - outer connective tissue Muscularis Externa - inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers Submucosa - loose connective tissue Mucosa - muscularis mucosae, lamina propria and an epithelium

Question 32

Where in the GI tract is Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium found?

Answer 32

Oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, anal canal

Question 33

Where in the GI tract is Simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands found?

Answer 33

Stomach

Question 34

Where in the GI tract is Simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands found?

Answer 34

Small intestine

Question 35

Where in the GI tract is Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands found?

Answer 35

Large intestine

Question 36

What structures are found at each corner of a hepatic lobule?

Answer 36

Branch of the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct system

Question 37

What structure is found at the centre of a hepatic lobule?

Answer 37

Central vein which drains into hepatic vein