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PRINCIPLES > Histology - Anatomy of the Cell (1) > Flashcards

Histology - Anatomy of the Cell (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

A cell is a BASIC STRUCTURAL UNIT of living things.

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2
Q

What is the % composition of a cell?

A 
80% H2O **
15% Protein **
2.5% Lipid
1.5% Carbohydrate
1.0% Inorganic

**mostly

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3
Q

What are the 5 basic features common to eukaryotic cells?

A 
OUTER MEMBRANE
INNER CYTOSOL
CYCLOSKELETON
ORGANELLES
INCLUSIONS
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4
Q

What is Cytosol?

A

Solution of:

Proteins
Electrolytes
Carbohydrates

Fluid and gel-like

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5
Q

What is a Cycloskeleton?

A

Determines SHAPE and FLUIDITY

Made from INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS and MICROTUBULES

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6
Q

Where are membrane bound organelles found?

A

Cytosol.

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7
Q

What are Inclusions?

A

Structures found in the CYTOPLASM which may/may not be bound by a membrane.

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8
Q

What does the Plasmalemma do?

A

The Plasmalemma separates the CYTOPLASM from the OUTSIDE environment.

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9
Q

What kind of layer does the Plasmalemma have?

A

BI-LAYER.

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10
Q

What kind of property does the Plasmalemma have?

A

AMPHIPATHIC properties.

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11
Q

What does AMPHIPATHIC mean?

A

Amphipathic means it has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts.

i.e. fat molecules with heads and tails

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12
Q

Where are the heads and tails positioned in the Plasmalemma?

A

The heads are located outside while the tails face inwards.

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13
Q

In the Plasmalemma the tails are…

A

HYDROPHOBIC
They are water-hating.
They are repelled by water.

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14
Q

In the Plasmalemma the heads are…

A

HYDROPHILLIC
They are water-loving.
They are attracted to water.

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15
Q

What kind of proteins are found in the Plasmalemma?

A

INTEGRAL PROTEINS

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16
Q

What kind of integral proteins are found in the Plasmalemma? Name five.

A 
Receptors
Transporters
Channels
Enzymes
Cell Attachment Proteins
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17
Q

Describe the permeability of the cell membrane.

A

SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE.

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18
Q

What is EXOCYTOSIS?

A

The process by which material LEAVES via the cell membrane.

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19
Q

What is ENDOCYTOSIS?

A

The process by which material ENTERS the cell via cell membrane.

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20
Q

What molecules can easily diffuse into the cell via the cell membrane?

A

H2O

CO2

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21
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain?

A

The cytoplasm contains structures which may be identified when observed via a microscope.

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22
Q

What factors does identifying structures on a microscope depend on when identifying them through a microscope?

A

SIZE
SHAPE
STAIN

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23
Q

What is an organelle?

A

“A small, intracellular organ essential to life”

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24
Q

What do MITOCHONDRIA do?

A

Mitochondria are ENERY-PRODUCING.

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25
Q

What is the ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM involved in?

A

rER are involved in PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

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26
Q

What is the SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM involved in? (3)

A

Cholesterol Synthesis
Lipid Synthesis
Detoxification

27
Q

Name the function of the Golgi Apparatus.

A

Modification of Secretions

Packaging of Secretions

28
Q

What is the function of Lysosymes?

A

They contain HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES for intracellular digestion.

29
Q

What does the NUCLEUS contain?

A

The nucleus contains the GENETIC CODE.

30
Q

What are CYCLOSKELETAL PROTEINS?

A

They are FILAMENTOUS CYTOSOLIC PROTEINS.

They maintain several functions of the cell.

31
Q

What are the three main classes of CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS?

A

MICROFILAMENTS
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
MICROTUBULES

32
Q

What is the order of CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS in decreasing size?

A

MICROTUBULES
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
MICROFILAMENTS

33
Q

What are Microfilaments composed of?

A

Microfilaments are composed of the protein ACTIN.

34
Q

What is the diameter of microfilaments?

A

7nm

35
Q

What is a key characteristic of Microfilaments?

A

They are VERY DYNAMIC.

The Actin within them dissociates later after it assembles.

36
Q

What is the function of the Intermediate Filaments? (2)

A
  • Bind intracellular elements together.

- Bind intracellular elements to the Plasmalemma.

37
Q

Roughly how many types of Intermediate Filaments are there?

A

Around 50!!

38
Q

What is a rough estimate of size of Intermediate Filaments?

A

10-15nm in diameter.

39
Q

Describe the appearance of a Microtubule. (3)

A
  • Hollow tubule.
  • Composed of 2 tubulin subunits.
  • Can be assembled/disassembled.
40
Q

Where do microtubules originate from?

A

Microtubules originate from the microtubule organising centre, CENTROSOME.

41
Q

In what cell features are Microtubules important in?

A

CILLIA
FLAGELLA
MITOTIC SPINDLES

42
Q

What encloses the NUCLEUS?

A

A NUCLEAR ENVELOPE.

43
Q

How many membranes is the nucleus composed of?

A

TWO.

44
Q

Name the TWO membranes the nucleus is composed of.

A

INNER MEMBRANE

OUTER MEMBRANE

45
Q

What does the OUTER nuclear membrane have?

A

A NUCLEAR PORE.

46
Q

What is the function of the nuclear pore?

A

The nuclear pore provides an exit for mRNA.

47
Q

What is found between the two sheets of the nucleus?

A

PERINUCLEAR CISTERN.

48
Q

What is the perinuclear cistern continuous with?

A

The perinuclear cistern is continuous with the CISTERN OF THE rER.

49
Q

What is the nuclear membrane studded with?

A

The nuclear membrane is studded with RIBOSOMES.

50
Q

What is the nucleus a location of?

A

RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS.

51
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA
CHROMOSOMES
GENETIC MATERIAL

52
Q

What is transcribed in the nucleus?

A

mRNA

tRNA

53
Q

Where is rRNA transcribed?

A

rRNA is transcribed in the NUCLEOLUS.

54
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The nucleus is a dense area in the nucleus.

55
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

EUCHROMATIN

HETEROCHROMATIN

56
Q

What is EUCHROMATIN?

A

DNA that is more DISPERSED

ACTIVELY TRANSCRIBING

57
Q

What is HETEROCHROMATIN?

A

DNA that is highly CONDENSED

NOT UNDERGOING TRANSCRIPTION

58
Q

What two subunits are Ribosomes made up of?

A

SMALL SUBUNIT

LARGE SUBUNIT

59
Q

What does the Small subunit do?

A

BINDS RNA

60
Q

What does the Large subunit do?

A

Catalyses the formation of PEPTIDE BONDS.

61
Q

What are the two types of ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUUM?

A

rER

sER

62
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticuluum?

A

A NETWORK INTERCONNECTING MEMBRANE BOUND COMPARTMENTS IN A CELL.

63
Q

Why does the presence of the rER vary?

A

It varies based on CELL ACTIVITY - if a cell is more active it will have more rER, if less active then less rER.

64
Q

What are POLYSOMES?

A

They are many ribosomes stuck together.

PRINCIPLES (8 decks)

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