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ESA4 > Histology and Anatomy of the Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Histology and Anatomy of the Reproductive Tract Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Histology of the Uterus?

A

Simple columnar epithelium
Has 2 layers- stratum functionalis (deep spongy and compact) and stratum basalis

Lamina Propria

Myometrium- 4 Layers of smooth muscle

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2
Q

What is the Histology of the Fallopian Tube?

Variations?

A

Simple Columnar, cilliated, has folds, and peg cells (non-ciliated and mucus secreting)
Lamina Propria
Muscular Layer
Serosa

Tha ampulla has a lot of folds and is very ciliated, only 2 layers of muscle

The isthmus is the thickest layer, with 3 layers of muscle has more peg cells

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3
Q

What are the parts of the female reproductive tract?

Include its divisions

A

Ovary
Fallopian Tubes: Fimbrae, Infundibulum, Ampulla, Isthmus
Uterus
Cervix- internal and external O’s and endocervical canal
Vagina
Bulbourethral Glands

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4
Q

What are the parts of the Male reproductive tract?

A

Scrotum - encloses testes epididymis and first part of vas deferens

Testes- has seminiferous tubules, rete testes and ductus deferens.

Seminal Vesicle and Ejaculatory duct

Prostate Gland

Spermatic Cord - transmits stuff

Penis- base, shaft, glans

Bulbourethral Glands- Cowpers and Littles

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5
Q

What is the blood supply to the uterus?

A

Uterine arteries and veins which branch into arcuate arteries
Coiled in functional layer and straight in basal layer
Arteries come from the Internal Iliac

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6
Q

Which artery of the FRT comes from the abdominal aorta?

A

Ovarian Artery

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7
Q

What are the ligaments of the FRM?

A

The round ligament of the uterus and ovary
The Broad Ligament
The suspensory ligament

Minor: Transverse Cervical
Uterosacral Ligament

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8
Q

Describe the Broad Ligament

A 
It is a transverse fold of peritoneum
Mesentery of the uterus
Has 3 parts:
Mesosalphinx
Mesovariam
Mesometrium

It allows mobility and attaches it to the posterior abdominal wall

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9
Q

Describe the Round Ligament,
Clinical Relevence,
Origins

A

Comes from the gubernaculum
Attaches Ovary to the fundus of the uterus and the uterus to the labium majorus
Travels through the inguinal canal
**Spread infection to labia via inguinal nodes

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10
Q

Describe the suspensory ligament

A

It transmits the ovarian lymphatics, arteries and veins and nerve plexus
From ovary to the lateral wall

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11
Q

Describe the histology of the primordial follicle

A

Flat epithelial layer
Before month 7, surrounds multiple oogonia, after surrounds each individual primary oocyte.
Simple squamous cells

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12
Q

Describe the primary follicle

A

Stimulated by FSH
squamous cells -> cuboidal

Becomes multilaminar:
Theca cells produced
Zona pellucida produced by granulosa cells
Stratified GC

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13
Q

Describe the secondary follicle

A

Fluid produced between granulosa cells coalesce to form an antrum
Oocyte is attached via the cumulus oophorus and surrounded by the corona radiata

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14
Q

Describe the Graafian Follicle

A

The Mature follicle

Oocyte is free floating in the antrum as the CO has broken down before ovulation

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15
Q

What happens to the Follicle at/post ovulation

A

It becomes ischaemic and ruptures, allowing the oocyte to move into the lumen of the FT

After, it becomes vascular and the GC and TC become the Corpus Luteum which secretes Oestrogen and Progesterone

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16
Q

What is the Histology of the Ovary

A

Has 2 parts:
Medulla- for passage of blood vessels, nerves, CT and stroma.
Cortex- where germ cells are

Hilum
Surrounded by simple squamous epithelial cells (peritoneum)

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17
Q

What is the Histology of the Breast?

A

It is a system of ducts and tubules
Nipple -> Lactiferous Ducts ->Interlobular Ducts -> Lobules -> Acini/Alveola

Surrounded by Fibrous tissue and adipose
Each Acini has a layer of myoepithelium
Has suspensory ligaments of Cooper to hold breast in position

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18
Q

Describe the ducts of inactive breast

A

Limited branches
Non functioning
Lots of stroma, dense, fibrous
Squamous or Columnar epithelium

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19
Q

Describe the ducts of active breast tissue

A 
Very little stroma (interlobular tissue)
Adipose tissue increases
Milk secretions can be seen
Ducts have more branches
Ducts are more columnar
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20
Q

What is the Histology of the Vagina

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelia- produced gycogen
Submucosa- rich in elastin, highly vascular
Muscle - smooth and skeletal

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21
Q

What is the Histology of the Testes?

A

Tunica Vaginalis

Thick Fibrous Capsule -Tunica Albicans

Seminiferous tubules - Sertoli cells, germ line cells and Leydig

Rete testes - simple cuboidal

Ductus efferentes - scalloped epithelia, myloid and ciliated cells

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22
Q

What is the Histology of the Epididymis?

A

Smooth muscle

1) Basal Cells
2) Myloid (peritubular) layer
3) Principle Cells (Pseudostratified) with Stereocilia

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23
Q

What is the Histology of the Vas Deferens?

A

Pseudostratified Columnar
3 Layers of SM:
Long: Circular: Long

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24
Q

What is the Histology of the Seminal Vesicle?

A

Secretory Epithelium

Smooth Muscle

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25
What is the Histology of the Prostate
Cuboidal/Columnar or Pseudostratified Fibromuscular Stroma Organised into Zones
26
Describe the Scrotum
Comes from the Labioscrotal folds It is a cutaneous sac enclosing: Testes, Epididymis and the first part of the Vas deferens/Spermatic cord
27
What is the Arterial, Venous and Lymphatic supply of the Scrotum?
A: V: L: Superficial Inguinal
28
Describe the Testes
Surrounded by tunica vaglinalis (remnent of the processus vaginalis) Then has a thick fibrous capsule - Tunica albicans (invades into the testes to form interlobular septa) Made up of Seminiferous tubules which produce spermatazoa Rete Testes and Ductus Deferens connect them to the epididymis
29
What is the Arterial, Venous and Lymphatic supply of the Testes
A: Testicular Artery (from AA) V: Testicular Vein (to IVC and LRV) L: Para aortic nodes
30
Describe the Epididymis
Has a head, body and tail Enclosed in the scrotum Attaches testes to the vas deferens
31
Describe the Spermatic Cord Transmits? Where Travels?
Transmits the cremasteric artery, artery to VD and the testicular artey Transmits lymphatic drainage Pampniform Plexus of Veins The genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve Vas Deferens Travels through the inguinal canal
32
What are the fascial coverings of the spermatic cord? | What are their origins?
External Spermatic Fascia - aponeurosis of the external oblique Cremasteric Muscle and Fascia- from transversalis and internal oblique Internal- from transversalis fascia
33
What are the borders of the inguinal canal?
Roof: Internal Oblique and Transverse Abdominus Floor: Inguinal Ligament Medial:Transversalis fascia and the Conjoint Tendon Lateral: Aponeurosis of External Oblique
34
What are the borders of Hesselbachs Triangle?
Inferior Epigastric Vessels Inguinal ligament Rectus Abdominus
35
Describe the Vas Deferens
Ascends in the spermatic cord. | Passes through inguinal canal, ascends the pelvic side wall, between the bladder and ureter and forms an ampulla
36
Describe the Seminal Vesicle
70-80% semen Joins the VD to form the ejaculatory duct It is a diverticulum of the VD Between the bladder and rectum
37
Describe the Prostate Gland
Fibromuscular Gland | Divided into Zones: Peripheral, Transitional, Central
38
Describe the Penis
Root, Body, Glans 2 dorsal corpora cavernosa 1 ventral corpus spongiosum
39
What is the Arterial, Venous and Lymphatic supply of the Penis?
Internal Pudendal Arteries (internal iliac) and Veins
40
Describe the Perineum of the male
Made up of bulbospongiosus and ischocavernosus | Supplied by internal pudendal artery
41
What is the vascular supply of the ovaries?
Ovarian Artery from the AA | Ovarian Veins to the IVC and LRV
42
What are the parts of the uterus?
The Fundus The Body The Cervix The Fallopian (Uterine) Tubes
43
How does the uterus communicate with the GI and Urinary Tract?
The Uterovesicular pouch The pouch of Douglas (GI) Can get to via the posterior fornix
44
How is the uterus positioned?
Anteverted to the vagina | Anteflexed compared to the cervix
45
How can the position of the uterus change?
It is elevated during sexual excitation The angle of anteflexion can change depending on how full the bladder is It can be retroverted - easier to prolapse
46
What are the parts of the Fallopian Tube? | Describe
The Fimbrae - finger-like projections sweep the ooctye into the FT The Infundibulum - bell-shaped The Ampulla- the widest part of the FT, fertilisation normally takes place here The Isthmus- narrowest part, connects the ampulla to the cavity Adbominal Ostium - where it is open to the abdominal cavity **spread of infection
47
Describe the Cervix
Internal O's - narrowing of the uterus, seperates Cervix from the Uterus Endocervical Canal- the most proximal part of the cervix Mucus secreting columnar cells External O's - marks barrier between endo/ectocervix Ectocervix- stratified squamous epithelia
48
What is the Vascular Supply of the FRT?
Ovarian A -> AA | Uterine, Cervical and Vaginal Arteries from the Internal Iliac Artery
49
How can surgery e.g. hysterectomy damage the Urinary system?
Ureter passes underneath the uterine artery/vein and can be damaged when they're removed
50
Where does the uterus drain to?
Fundus - Paraaortic and Inguinal Nodes Body -External/Internal Iliac Cervix - Sacral and E&I Iliac Nodes
51
Describe the external genitalia
Labia Majora- encloses pudendal cleft Labia Minora- encloses the vestibule The Vestibule- Vestibular/Bartholins glands, vaginal oriface, urethral oriface,
52
Describe the vagina
Has anterior and posterior fornices **can be a place where infection collects, can get into pouches through them
53
What is the innervation of the FRT?
Inferior 5th - Pudendal Nerve SOMATIC Superior- Uterovaginal Plexus AFFERENT PAIN - S2-4 Perineum - Pudendal and Ilioinguinal nerves
54
What is the path of the pudendal nerve?
it goes through the greater sciatic foramen to leave the pelvis and enters the perineum via the lesser sciatic foramen Travels through the pudendal canal
55
What are the borders of the pelvic inlet?
Anterior: The pubic symphysis Posterior: Sacral prominity Lateral: The Iliopectineal line
56
What are the borders of the pelvic outlet (hint, they're the same as the borders of the Perineum)
Anterior: Pubic Symphysis Posterior: The Coccyx Lateral: Ischial tuberosities and the Sacrotuberous ligaments
57
What muscles make up the Pelvic Floor
Levator Ani Muscles Coccygeus Superficial Transverse Perineal Muscles
58
What is the function of the pelvic floor? | What is it?
To support pelvic viscera To resist increasing intra-abdominal pressure, prevent prolapse Attachment for muscles Act as a sphincter for urinary and faecal continence It is an layer that separates the perineum from the pelvic cavity
59
What are the levator ani muscles? What are they attached to? Innervation?
Pudendal Nerve (S2-4) They form a broad, muscular sheath Puborectalis (tonic contractions create the anorectal angle, help continence) Pubococcygeus - main part, forms around the urogenital hiatus/triangle Iliococcygeus - thin fibres All insert into the tendinous arch (formed by obturator internus)
60
Describe Coccygeus
Smallest, most posterior pelvic floor muscle Ischial spines -> Coccyx and Sacrum Innervated by anterior rami of S4 and 5
61
What is the Perineum?
An anatomical area between the thighs, inferior to the pelvic floor
62
What are the boundaries of the Perineum? | Divisions?
Anterior: The pubic symphysis Posterior: The Coccyx Lateral: the ischial tuberosities and the sacrotuberous ligaments. Anterior Triangle : Urogenital Hiatus/Triangle Posterior Triangle: Anal Triangle Inbetween there is the Perineal body
63
What are the layers of the anterior triangle? From the Pelvic Floor Muscles downwards What is in each layer?
The deep perineal pouch - urethra and external urethral sphincters located here. In the male the bulbourethral glands and deep transverse P. muscle The perineal membrane- thick fascia, urethra and vagina perforate. Muscles attach The superficial Pouch - Bulbospongiosus and superficial transverse perineal muscle in males Bartholins glands in female Erectile tissue of clitoris and penis Deep perineal fascia The superficial Fascia - forms mons pubis and labia majora, fatty tissue
64
What is the contents of the posterior triangle (the anal triangle)
Anal aperture External anal sphincter - maintains faecal continence Ischiorectal fossae - 2x located either side of the anal aperture, aid expansion during defaecation, can become infected
65
What is the perineal body? Located? Function? Clinical Relevence?
An irregular, fibromuscular mass, located in between the 2 triangles, just deep to the skin Acts as an attachment for muscles (continence, support viscera, prevent prolapse) and is tear-resistant Be careful giving birth
66
What is the innervation of the Perineum?
The pudendal nerve
67
What is the arterial supply of the perineum?
The internal pudendal artery
68
What muscles attach to the perineal body?
Levator Ani muscles Bulbospongiosus muscle external anal/urethral sphincters

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