HISTOLOGY AND CELL

Question 1

This is the study of the tissues of the body and these tissues are arranged to constitute organs. It involves all aspects of tissue biology.

Answer 1

Histology

Question 2

What is the two interacting components of tissue?

Answer 2

Cell and extra-cellular matrix

Question 3

This consists of many kinds of macromolecules, most of which form complex structures, such as collagen fibrils.

Answer 3

Extra-cellular matrix

Question 4

This produces the extra-cellular matrix locally and are in turn strongly influenced by matrix molecules.

Answer 4

Cells

Question 5

This is a method for localizing cellular structures using a specific enzymatic activity present in those structures.

Answer 5

Enzyme chemistry

Question 6

This enzyme removes phosphate groups from macromolecules

Answer 6

Phosphatases

Question 7

This transfers hydrogen ions from one substrate to another, such as many enzymes of the citric acid (krebs cycle), allowing histochemical identification such as enzymes in mitochondria

Answer 7

Dehydrogenases

Question 8

This promotes the oxidation of substrates with the transfer of hydrogen ions to peroxide.

Answer 8

Peroxidase

Question 9

This is the basic structural and functional unit; the smallest living part of the body.

Answer 9

Cells

Question 10

These are enclosed by cell membranes and identified as a eukaryotic cell

Answer 10

Animal cells

Question 11

It has no nuclear membrane; the only compartment is cytoplasm; nuclear content is mixed with cytoplasmic content.

Answer 11

Prokaryotic cell

Question 12

It has nuclear membrane; nuclear content is separated with cytoplasmic content

Answer 12

Eukaryotic cell

Question 13

What is the other term for plasma membrane?

Answer 13

Plasmalemma

Question 14

It is composed of 3 layers namely: Layer of
glycoprotein, fats, and another layer of
glycoprotein. (TRILAMINAR)

Answer 14

Plasma membrane/Cell membrane

Question 15

This is a bilipid layer (OUTER: polar; INNER: non-polar); this is important because it determines the permeability and non-permeability of the cell.

Answer 15

Fatty layer

Question 16

This transport mechanism does not require energy input.

Answer 16

Passive transport

Question 17

Give the examples of passive transport?

Answer 17

Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration

Question 18

This is a type of passive transport; it transfers materials without any support; the process in which solutes are passed through the concentration gradient in a solution across a semipermeable membrane

Answer 18

Simple diffusion

Question 19

This is a type of passive transport; it is a type
of diffusion in which the molecules move from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration assisted by a carrier.

Answer 19

Facilitated diffusion

Question 20

This is a type of passive transport; transfer of water from one component to the other.

Answer 20

Osmosis

Question 21

This is a type of passive transport; this is the segregation of the materials that are needed and to
excrete the materials that are not needed.

Answer 21

Filtration

Question 22

This type of transport needs a lot of energy to execute.

Answer 22

Active transport

Question 23

This is the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle

Answer 23

Endocytosis

Question 24

This is a cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter, including microorganisms, foreign substances, and apoptotic cells. (CELL EATING)

Answer 24

Phagocytosis

Question 25

“Pino” means “to drink”; it is a process by which the cell takes in the fluids along with dissolved small molecules. In this process, the cell membrane folds and creates small pockets and captures the cellular fluid and dissolved substances. (CELL DRINKING)

Answer 25

Pinocytosis

Question 26

This expels the material; it is the process by which cells move materials from within the cell into the extracellular fluid. It occurs when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, allowing its contents to be released outside the cell.

Answer 26

Exocytosis

Question 27

These are multi-pass proteins forming transmembrane pores through which ions or small molecules pass selectively.

Answer 27

Channels

Question 28

These are transmembrane proteins that bind small molecules and translocate them across the membrane via conformational changes.

Answer 28

Carriers

Question 29

This is mostly water with chemical compounds in solution or colloid.

Answer 29

Cytoplasm

Question 30

This is known as the powerhouse of the cell because it synthesizes the ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

Answer 30

Mitochondria

Question 31

This is the inner folds where cellular respiration occurs. It increases when there’s a need for more energy. It also synthesizes nucleic acids and proteins.

Answer 31

Cristae

Question 32

These are located at the cytoplasm; this is where synthesis of protein starts and then completed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum which they are attached to.

Answer 32

Ribosomes

Question 33

This is the largest organelle.

Answer 33

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 34

This is where the protein synthesis happens, so that the rest of the cell can function.

Answer 34

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 35

It has many functions such as: fat transport, synthesis of sex hormones (Leydig cells producing testosterone), production of hydrochloric acid (found in stomach to the parietal cell), releases of calcium during muscular contraction.

Answer 35

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 36

This is known as the “packaging apparatus" because it takes what the ER produces and pack/store it for cell use, for future uses, or for transferring it to other cells.

Answer 36

Golgi apparatus

Question 37

They are known as “suicide bugs” because when they kill an opponent, they also kill their selves in the process; it contains acid hydrolases. They play a role in cellular defense.

Answer 37

Lysosomes

Question 38

They are the one responsible for removing H radicals (they are deleted to initiate changes in multiplication of cells which may cause cancer).

Answer 38

Peroxisomes/Microbodies

Question 39

They are found in melanocytes, containing the pigment called the “melanin”.

Answer 39

Melanosomes

Question 40

They are found in every cell, used for excluding materials called “exocytosis”.

Answer 40

Secretory granules

Question 41

This is a source of energy; found in organs such as liver.

Answer 41

Glycogen

Question 42

These are found in fat cells, also a source of energy.

Answer 42

Lipid

Question 43

They are known as wear and tear pigments since the amount increases over time (i.e., with advancing age) in cells like hepatocytes and neurons which are both permanent (not routinely replenished) and metabolically active. Found in cardiac cells—indicates if the cell is about to die.

Answer 43

Lypofuscin

Question 44

This is the pigment found in melanocytes that gives our skin color.

Answer 44

Melanin

Question 45

This gives the red blood cells its color

Answer 45

Hemoglobin

Question 46

This is seen in the liver and they are converted into conjugated bilirubin excreted through the intestine which gives the golden color of our stool.

Answer 46

Bilirubin

Question 47

These are found in the interstitial cells of Leydig in the testis—the one responsible for the secretion of testosterone

Answer 47

Crystals of reinke

Question 48

These are found in Sertoli cells which are also found in the testis.

Answer 48

Crystals of charcot-bottcher

Question 49

This is a complex array of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments; it helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement.

Answer 49

Cytoskeleton

Question 50

This regulates cell growth and movement as well as key signaling events, which modulate fundamental cellular processes.

Answer 50

Microtubule

Question 51

This is the control center of the cell; nuclear membrane has pores to allow substances passage.

Answer 51

Nucleus

Question 52

This separates the cytoplasm from nucleoplasm.

Answer 52

Nuclear envelope

Question 53

This is the combination of DNA and its associated proteins

Answer 53

Chromatin

Question 54

This is a very basophilic or electron-dense area of chromatin localized where rRNA transcription and ribosomal sub-units assembly occur.

Answer 54

Nucleolus

Question 55

This is the sequence of events that controls cell growth and division.

Answer 55

Cell cycle

Question 56

This is the longest part of the cycle, it begins immediately after mitosis and includes all preparations for DNA replication.

Answer 56

G1 phase

Question 57

This is the period of DNA (and histone) synthesis

Answer 57

S phase

Question 58

This is the phase where the cell prepares for division during MITOSIS

Answer 58

G2 phase

Question 59

This is the period of cell division; produces daughter cells that has the same number of chromosomes of the mother cell (sometimes called as cloning).

Answer 59

Mitosis

Question 60

This is the long period between mitoses (the G1, S, and G2 phases).

Answer 60

Interphase

Question 61

The chromosomes progressively shorten and thicken to form double structures; degenaration of the nuclear membrane; mitotic apparatus begins to form.

Answer 61

Prophase

Question 62

This is when the chromatids align at the equatorial plane.

Answer 62

Metaphase

Question 63

This is when the sister chromatids separates and move toward opposite spindle poles by a combination of microtubule motor proteins and dynamic changes in the lengths of the microtubules as the spindle poles move farther apart.

Answer 63

Anaphase

Question 64

This is the resting phase; if the cell is not multiplying, it goes to this phase because if it could not multiply then there’s a sign of abnormality (characteristic of a cancer cell). This serves as a feed back to prevent the abnormalities.

Answer 64

G0 phase

Question 65

This is when the chromosomes begin to decondense, the spindle breaks down, and the nuclear membranes and nucleoli re-form.

Answer 65

Telophase

Question 66

This is the cell division of gametes (sperm and egg); it could produce a chromosome that is half the number of the chromosome of parent cell—so when the sperm and egg meet together, they again produce a double chromosome—which is a normal number

Answer 66

Meiosis