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Histology Block 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of artery has an obvious internal elastic membrane?

A

Muscular arteries

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2
Q

What is present in the tunica media?

A

Smooth muscles and extracellular matrix

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3
Q

Where is elastic fibers, lamella, collagen fibers (type 3), and proteoglycans synthesized in blood vessels?

A

Tunica media

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4
Q

When present what does the external elastic lamina seperate?

A

The media and adventitia

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5
Q

What is present in the Tunica Intima of blood vessels?

A

Endothelium and basal lamina (basement membrane)

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6
Q

Which layer of blood vessles contains vasa vasorum and innervation?

A

Tunica Adventitia. Especially in veins

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7
Q

Does the amount of elastic tissue increase or decrease as blood vessels become smaller?

A

The elastic tissue decreases and the smooth muscle component becomes more prominent

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8
Q

Is the tunica intima thicker or thinner in elastic arteries than in muscular arteries?

A

Tunica intima is thick in elastic arteries than in muscular arteries

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9
Q

What do Weibel-palade bodies contain?

A

Factor VIII related antigen (von-willebrand factor) interleukin 8, P-selectin and endothelin

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10
Q

The elastic arteries have a thick tunica media. True or false?

A

True

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11
Q

Tunica adventitia contains blood vessels and nerves. True or false?

A

True

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12
Q

Mutations in elastic muscle fibers in elastic arteries can cause…

A

Aneurysm

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13
Q

Where is extracellular matrix synthesized in blood vessels?

A

Tunica Media

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14
Q

What is the unique feature of muscular arteries?

A

Internal elastic lamina

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15
Q

What happens when an artery or arteriole is damaged?

A

Its smooth muscle contracts, producing a vascular spasm of the vessel. This limits the blood flow and blood loss at the site of damage

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16
Q

Carotid body is sensitive to what?

A

There are two O’s in carOtid bOdy. So it is sensitive to Oxygen (O2), high carbon dioxide concentration and low pH of arterial blood.

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17
Q

Where are carotid bodies found?

A

At bifurcation of common carotid artery

Bifurcation: The place where two branches divide.

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18
Q

What is a carotid body?

A

The carotid body is a small cluster of chemoreceptor cells, and supporting sustentacular cells. The carotid body is located in the adventitia, in the bifurcation (fork) of the common carotid artery, which runs along both sides of the neck.

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19
Q

What is a carotid sinus?

A

The carotid sinus is a baroreceptor that senses changes in systemic blood pressure and is located in the adventitia of the carotid bulb of the internal carotid artery. Due to its location the carotid sinus is an intimately related but distinct organ from the carotid body.

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20
Q

What does the carotid sinus react to?

A

carotid SinuS has two S’s and so does preSSure. It reacts to changes in blood preSSure.

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21
Q

Where is the carotid sinus found?

A

The lower end of the internal carotid

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22
Q

How does the tunica intima change with age?

A

Tunica intima becomes thicker with age because smooth muscles migrate from the tunica media into the tunica intima. This decreases the lumen size. The vessels also become more rigid

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23
Q

How do the elastic arteries change with age?

A

Decrease in collagen and elastic fibers and they lay down more elastic lamellae with age

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24
Q

How do muscular arteries change with age?

A

There is an increase of muscle without the elastic fibers. In advance age loss of elastic tissue make vessels to elongated and become tortuous (twisted)

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25
Aneurysm cause
When media is weakened by an embryonic defect. disease or lesion, the wall of the artery dilates and may rupture
26
What two conditions have an increased risk of aneurysm?
Type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome- because of collagen defects Marfan syndrome- because of fibrillin defect. Specifically associated with aortic dissecting aneurysm
27
What is arteriosclerosis?
Thickening of the walls and loss of elasicity
28
What is atherosclerosis?
Fibrofatty plaques in intima
29
Arteriolosclerosis
Thickening of the walls of smaller arteries
30
Arteriosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis are different. True or false?
True. Arteriosclerosis- thickening of walls and loss of elasticity Arteriolosclerosis- thickening of the walls in smaller arteries
31
Formation of an Atherosclerotic Plaque:
1. Something causes the endothelium to let in more LDL cholesterol than normal. The increase of LDL cholesterol increases the production of reactive oxygen species oxidizes LDL in the tunica intima of the artery. 2. endothelial cell express cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that initiate monocyte migration through the endothelium that differentiate into macrophages 3. Macrophages phagocytize oxidized LDL slowly transforming themselves into foam cells. Increasing amounts foam cells thicken the walls which decreases the size of the lumen. 4. Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and other growth factors released from endothelial cells stimulate the migration of the smooth muscle cells from the tunica media to the tunica intima 5. In the tunica intima smooth muscle cells produce large amounts of extracellular matrix (proteoglycans, collagen) that increase the thickness of the tunica intima
32
Angioplasty
Widening narrowed or obstructed arteries
33
What is elevated in hyperlipidemia?
Cholesterol or triglycerides
34
Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of what?
Plasma membranes, steroid hormones, and bile acids
35
Triglycerides play an essential role in what?
Transporting and storing fatty acids for energy
36
Antherosclerosis and Congenital Hear Defects (CHD) can be caused by increased levels of
Cholesterol
37
Elevated triglycerides can lead to
Pancreatitis
38
The of therapy for Hyperlipidemia is
To lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL), lower triglycerides, or raise high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
39
Cardiovascular risks of hyperlipidemia
1. increased risk of atherosclerosis is associated with hypercholesterolemia 2. Increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases 3. Treatment goal is to lower LDL cholesterol and increase HDL in order to lower atheroma plaque formation.
40
What is the role of VLDL
To transport triglycerides and cholesterol synthesized hepatically to the tissues
41
What is the main cholesterol transport mechanism?
LDL
42
Which cholesterol is the "bad" cholesterol?
LDL
43
______ are triglycerides that are synthesized in the liver and then are converted into ______ in the bloodstream.
VLDL; LDL
44
Where is HDL synthesized?
Liver and gut
45
What does HDL do?
A process called reverse cholesterol transport: Scavenge excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and transport it back to the liver where it may be secreted into bile and excreted.
46
Which cholesterol is "good" cholesterol
HDL
47
What does VLDL stand for?
Very low density lipoprotein
48
What is the mechanism of action of statin?
Inhibit (HMG-CoA) reductase which results in: - decreased liver cholesterol - increased LDL-receptor expression - decreased plasma LDL
49
Low _____ = Low _____ = Low ____
Cholesterol; VLDL: LDL
50
What is the mechanism of action of Fibrates?
Fibrates reduce hepatic triglyceride levels by inhibiting hepatic extraction of free fatty acids and thus hepatic triglycerides production. These drugs also lower cholesterol by increasing endothelial lipoprotein lipase activity. Results in: - Decreased VLDL and IDL (intermediate density lipoprotein) - Increased HDL (most patients)
51
What is the mechanism of action for Bile Acid Sequestrants?
Complexation of bile salts in the gut results in: - Decrease in enterohepatic recirculation of bile salts - Increase synthesis of new bile salts by the liver - Decrease liver cholesterol - Increase LDL-receptor expression - Decrease blood LDl
52
Which hyperlipidemia pharmacotherapy is associated with decrease in bile salt recirculation in the liver?
Bile Acid Sequestrants (resins)
53
Mechanism of action of Niacin?
Synthesis of triglycerides is reduced which translates to reduced synthesis of VLDL which subsequently reduces LDL levels as well. Niacin also increases HDL levels. Inhibition of VLDL synthesis results in: - decreased plasma VLDL - decreased plasma LDL - decreased plasma HDL
54
What areas are rich in capillary supplies?
Muscles, liver, kidneys, lungs, and nervous systems
55
Which areas have no capillaries?
epidermis, cornea, and cartilage
56
What kind of vessels connect venules and arterioles?
Capillaries
57
Metarteriole
A vessel that emerges from an arteriole, transverses the capillary network, and empties into a venule
58
Which portion of a metarteriole has no smooth muscle cells and called a throughfare channel?
The distal portion of the metarteriole
59
What is the precapillary sphincter?
A ring of smooth muscle in capillaries that control the flow of blood entering a true capillary
60
Which kind of blood vessels only have a tunica intima, no tunica media, or tunica adventitia?
Capillaries
61
How do capillaries lead to edema?
The junctions between endothelial cells of venules are the loosest. This is where loss of fluid from the circulatory system occurs during the inflammatory response
62
Where can you find a large population of plasmalemmal vesicles?
In the endothelial cells of capillaries
63
Pericytes or perivascular cells
mesenchymal cells with long cytoplasmic processes that partially surround the endothelial cells
64
Pericytes have the ability to transform into other cells and are considered undifferentiated cells. True or false?
True
65
Pericytes do not have a contractile function. True or false?
False. They do have a contractile function. Histamines bind to pericytes to make them contract and pull away endothelial cells which leads to edema
66
Where are continuous capillaries found?
muscle tissue, lungs, exocrine glands, the central nervous system, and skin
67
Which capillary is found in blood-brain barrier?
Continuous capillary
68
Where are fenestrated capillaries found?
kidneys, intestine, and endocrine glands
69
Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?
liver, bone marrow, spleen, adrenal cortex, adenohypophysis, and some endocrine glands
70
What are the 3 most important functions of capillaries?
- Selective permeability barrier - a synthetic and metabolic system - a nonthrombogenic container for the blood
71
During inflammation or injection of snake or bee venom capillary and post capillary venular permeability is greatly increased or decreased?
Increased
72
Diapedesis
Leukocytes may leave the bloodstream by passing between endothelial cells and entering tissue spaces
73
Capillary converts _________ to ________
Angiotensin-I; Angiotensin-II
74
Prostacyclin
A powerful inhibitor of platelet aggregation and avoid thrombus (clot) formation
75
What are the 3 kinds of lymphocytes?
B Lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and Natural Killer Cells (NK)
76
Where dothe precursors of all lymphocyte types originate?
In the bone marrow
77
The pathway of B lymphocytes from bone marrow to there final destination
They mature and become functional in the bone marrow and afte leaving the bone marrow enter the blood circulation to colonize connective tissues, epithelia, lymphoid nodules, and lymphoid organs
78
What is the pathway of T lymphocytes from precursors to final destination
The precursors leave the bone marrow and through the blood circulation reach the thymus where they undergo intense proliferation and differentiation or die by apoptosis. After their final maturation T cells leave the thymus and are distributed throughout the body in connective tissues and lymphoid organs
79
Which lymphoid organ has no B lymphocytes?
Thymus. It has 100% T lymphocytes
80
The bone marrow is made of mostly B lymphocytes. True or false?
True
81
Which antigens do B lymphocytes recognize?
IgM
82
All acvtivated B cells become plasma cells. True or false?
False. Some remain as B memory lymphocuytes which react rapidly to a seconf exposure of the same epitope
83
What are the cell surface markers for B lymphocytes
CD9, CD19, CD20, CD24 They are kind of high but definteily not low
84
What are the cell surface markers for T lymphocytes?
CD2, CD3, CD7 They are very low
85
What are the 2 main subpopulations of T cells?
Helper and cytotosic lymphocytes (CTLs)
86
B lymphocytes make up a higher percentation in the blood than T lymphocytes
False. T cells make up 65-75% if the blood lymphocytes. B cells make up 20-30% of blood lymphocytes
87
T helper cells have what marker on their cell surface?
CD2. Which is why they are called CD4+ T cells
88
Natural Killer cells surface markers
CD16a, CD56, CD94 Very high

Histology (2 decks)

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