Histology: Cardiovascular System and Epithelial Cells

Question 1

What are the two major divisions of the circulatory system?

Answer 1

Blood vascular system and lymphatic vascular system

Question 2

What are the three layers of the heart?

Answer 2

Endocardium Myocardium, and Epicardium

Question 3

The inner most layer of the heart

Answer 3

Endocardium

Question 4

Made up or simple squamous epithelium and subendothelial CT which contains purkinje fibers

Answer 4

Endocardium

Question 5

Where cardiac muscle cells are located. Makes up the atrium and ventricles

Answer 5

Myocardium

Question 6

What hormone is found in the atria that decreases BP?

-also inhibits contraction of vascular smooth muscle

Answer 6

Atrial natriuretic protein (ANP, stored granules)

Question 7

What do the ventricles have that decrease BP?

Answer 7

BNP (stored as proBNP)

Question 8

The outermost layer of the heart which contains coronary blood vessels and varying amounts of fat

Answer 8

Epicardium

Question 9

What are the three layers of the blood vessels?

Answer 9

1. ) Tunica Intima
2. ) Tunica Media
3. ) Tunica Adventitia

Question 10

Made up of a simple squamous epithelium with a basement membrane.

-Corresponds to the endocardium of the heart

Answer 10

Tunica intima

Question 11

Circularly arranged smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue

-corresponds to the myocardium of the heart

Answer 11

Tunica Media

Question 12

Made up of CT containing collagen and elastic fibers

-corresponds to the epicardium of the heart

Answer 12

Tunica adventitia

Question 13

Where we see the vaso vasorum and nervi vascularis

Answer 13

Tunica adventitia

Question 14

Nourishes the outer layers of the tunica media

Answer 14

Vasa Vasorum

Question 15

Blood vessel made up of simple squamous epithelium lining the lumen and 1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells

Answer 15

Arterioles

Question 16

Capilarry with complete endothelial cells, a basement membrane, and gap junctions

Answer 16

Continuous Capillary

Question 17

The basil lamina of fenestrated capillaries is

Answer 17

Continuous

Question 18

Located in tissues with substantial fluid transport, such as endocrine glands and the kidneys

Answer 18

Fenestrated capillaries

Question 19

Found where the relation between blood and parenchyma are needed, like in the liver, spleen, and adrenal gland

Answer 19

Discontinuous (sinusoidal) Capillaries

Question 20

More collagenous tissue and more loosely constructed. Less elastic and muscular tissue. Wall thinner, collapses readily

Answer 20

Vein

Question 21

Thin, inconspicuous internal elastic membrane

Answer 21

Tunica intima of veins

Question 22

Made up of circular smooth muscle, but thinner than an arterial vessel

Answer 22

Tunica media of veins

Question 23

Thicker than the tunica media, occasionally made up of muscle

Answer 23

Tunica adventitia of veins

Question 24

The tunica media is incomplete or absent in a

-adventitia is absent and there is an occasional pericyte

Answer 24

Venule

Question 25

Have no basement membrane and no blood cells in the lumen

Answer 25

Lymphatic vessels

Question 26

Lymphatic vessels are not found in the

Answer 26

CNS

Question 27

Are inherently rhythmic, i.e. they contract without nerve supply

Answer 27

Cardiac Myocytes

Question 28

Reinforces the bases of the valves and insulates the ventricles from electrical activity in the atria -Where cardiac muscle attaches

Answer 28

Fibrous cardiac skeleton

Question 29

Atrial and ventricular myocytes have endocrine | functions, they secrete

Answer 29

Hormones

Question 30

Lower blood volume and blood pressure by promoting the excretion of salt (natriuresis) nd water by the kidneys

Answer 30

Hypotensive hormones

Question 31

In response to volume expansion, atrial myocytes lower blood pressure by secreting

Answer 31

Atrial natriuretic peptied (ANP)

Question 32

Not stored in granules in the ventricular myocytes so its production must be up-regulated before synthesis and secretion can occur

Answer 32

proBNP

Question 33

Blood levels of BNP can be used as an important diagnostic sign of

Answer 33

Congestive heart failure

Question 34

Promotes clearance of ANP and BNP

Answer 34

CNP

Question 35

All blood vessels have a

Answer 35

Tunica Intima

Question 36

Very well developed in arteries, exhibiting varying quantities of circularly arranged smooth muscle to control distribution and blood pressure and circularly arranged elastic tissue

Answer 36

Tunica Media

Question 37

Relatively thin in arteries, thicker in veins and well | developed in large veins

Answer 37

Tunica adventitia

Question 38

The blood vessels that supply larger blood vessels -seen in the adventitia where they nourish the adventitia and outer layers of the tunica media

Answer 38

Vaso Vasorum

Question 39

Autonomic nerve fibers that innervate the smooth muscle cells of the vessel wall -found in tunica adventitia

Answer 39

Nervi vascularis

Question 40

Conserve and regulate the pressure generated by the ventricles while distributing the blood to the vascular beds

Answer 40

Arteries

Question 41

Have a great deal of elastic tissue, both fibers and | sheets (lamina) in both the intima and media

Answer 41

Large elastic arteries

Question 42

The elastic tissue in large elastic arteries are made by | the smooth muscle cells in the

Answer 42

Tunica media

Question 43

As arteries get smaller, how does the composition of their tunica media change?

Answer 43

More smooth muscle and less elastic tissue

Question 44

Responsible for the drop in arterial blood pressure before blood enters the capillary beds

Answer 44

Arterioles

Question 45

As blood passes through the arteriolar beds, arterial BP drops from 85 mmHg to

Answer 45

30mmHg

Question 46

Have an incomplete layer of smooth muscle in their media and the smooth muscle cells are usually arranged longitudinally

Answer 46

Metarterioles

Question 47

Controls the entrance to the capillary bed and regulates the amount of blood that enters

Answer 47

Precapillary sphincter

Question 48

Contractile stem cells found at intervals along capillaries that are capable of becoming smooth muscle, adipose, osteogenic, or chondrogenic cells

Answer 48

Pericytes

Question 49

Found on the adluminal side (toward the lumen) of the basement membrane that surrounds capillaries

Answer 49

Pericytes

Question 50

Continuous capillaries are found in

Answer 50

Muscle, CNS (blood-brain barrier), and gonads

Question 51

Forces plasma out of the capillaries and into the interstitial tissues

Answer 51

Hydrostatic Pressure

Question 52

Transcytosis via pinocytotic vesicles transports

Answer 52

Larger molecules

Question 53

As permeable as capillaries

Answer 53

Venules

Question 54

Have one to two circular layers of smooth muscle in their tunica media and a more distinct tunica adventitia that has collagen, elastic tissue, and some smooth muscle

Answer 54

Small to medium veins

Question 55

Large bundles of smooth muscle may be found in the media or adventitia of large veins that are

Answer 55

Inferior to the heart

Question 56

How can we tell large arteries and large veins with a well developed adventitia apart?

Answer 56

Arteries will have an internal elastic lamina, veins will not

Question 57

HAve a structure similar to capillaries except their basement membrane is discontinuous or missing altogether

Answer 57

Lymphatic capillaries

Question 58

About 10% of the interstitial fluid extruded at the arterial end of the a vascular bed is reabsorbed into the

Answer 58

Lymphatics

Question 59

The tunica intima and inner portion of the tunica media are nourished by

Answer 59

Diffusion from blood in the lumen

Question 60

Serve as a selective permeability barrier so that substances can be allowed to cross the endothelium to the tunica media and beyond

Answer 60

Endothelial cells

Question 61

Endothelial cells in many organs respond to various substances by producing a potent but short lived local vasodilator called

Answer 61

Nitric oxide

Question 62

Converts the vasoinactive angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor which also inactivates the vasodilator bradykinin -contained in most endothelial cells

Answer 62

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Question 63

Enable angiogenesis to occur

Answer 63

Endothelial cells