Histology I Final Flashcards
(166 cards)
<p>Topic 1: LM
| First build?</p>
<p>1590</p>
<p>Topic 1: What did the LM first led to?</p>
<p>1st description of cells: Swann an Schleiden</p>
<p>Topic 1: What are the Mechanical parts?</p>
<p>Base, Stage, Specimen Stage, Movable holder, tube, Macrometer (course focus) and Micrometer (fine focus)
</p>
<p>Topic 1: What is the base of stability?</p>
<p>Illumination system (mirror,lamp+condenser)
| Stage holds everything else</p>
<p>Topic 1: What does the reflecting prism do?</p>
<p>Puts light beam through the specimen</p>
<p>Topic 1: What does the Ocular lens do?</p>
<p>It is movable to fit eye line of the user</p>
<p>Topic 1: What does the Ocular and objective lens do?</p>
<p>Produces an enlarged reverse image</p>
<p>Topic 1: What is the most important lens in the objective lens?</p>
<p>Plan-convex front lens</p>
<p>Topic 1: What does APO stand for?</p>
<p>Apochromate lens</p>
<p>Topic 1: What does HI stand for?</p>
<p>Immersion objective</p>
<p>Topic 1: What does PH stand for?</p>
<p>Phase constrast objective</p>
<p>Topic 1: What is the magnification for the eyepiece?</p>
<p>5-25X (Objective higher)</p>
<p>Topic 1: What is the total magnification?</p>
<p>Eyepiece x Objective</p>
<p>Topic 1: What is the resolution(Ernst Abbe´s formula)?</p>
<p>D=0,6λ/Nsinα D= resolution Lambda = Wavelength N= refraction index α= Apperture angle of lens
Smaller D=More details
Sin α = Always smaller than 1</p>
Topic 2: Special Microscope
Which types of sp. microscopes exists?
Stereomicroscope Dark Field Microscope Phase Contrast Nomarksy´s Interference Polarization Microscope Fluoressence Microscope Confocal scanning microscope
<p>Topic 3: Preparation of tissue LM
| Which stages are there?</p>
<p>Collection of samples Fixation Rinsing Embedding Sectioning Staining</p>
<p>Topic 3: Preparation of tissue LM
| Collection of samples?</p>
<p>Taken immediately, no more than 1cm</p>
<p>Topic 3: Preparation of tissue LM
| Fixation?</p>
<p>In living organisms: does so that the samle does not hardened, shrinks, swells etc.
USE: Aldehydes-alcohol-heavy metal salts-acids(normally buffers)- FORMALDEHYD common</p>
<p>Topic 3: Preparation of tissue LM
| Rinsing?</p>
<p>Flow with tap water/ solvent (alcohol ect) ready for staining</p>
<p>Topic 3: Preparation of tissue LM
| Embedding?</p>
<p>Freeze or use dehydration (stronger alcohol %) and then set PARAFFIN WAX</p>
Topic 3: Preparation of tissue LM
Sectioning?
Microtome (3-20 micrometer sections)- mounted of glass slide
<p>Topic 3: Preparation of tissue LM
| Staining?</p>
<p>Alows observation of usually colorless sections- PARAFFIN removed with XYLENE. Then apply staining, usually HAEMATOXYLIN-EOSIN</p>
<p>Topic 3: Preparation of tissue LM
| Other staining types?</p>
<p>Alcian Blue: Polysaccharides blue
Azan: Collagen fibres blue, rest red
PAS: Polysaccharides purple to red
Reorcin-Fuchsin: Elastic fibres blueish-black
Silver impregnation: Reticular fibers Dark brown/Black
Schmorl: Bone yellow to brown</p>
<p>Topic 4: Immunochemistry</p>
<p>Se drawing</p>
Topic 5: The EM | TEM?
Transitory Electron Microscope Lightsource: Electron gun Electomagnetic lenses Immage appears on Fluorescent screen UNDER VACUM --> No live subjects ``` E- forms a superheated filament accelerated by the anode and then mad into a parallel beam thorough a wenhelt cylinder. Specimen: - Thin! 60-90 nanometre - Contrasted with heavy metals (dark spot during scattering)
Topic 6: Preparation of tissues for EM
- Perfusion is the preferred method of fixation. (injection of fixative solution into heart) in living animals - Vibratome sections can be cut - contrasted with OSMIUM TETROXIDE - Dehydrated: 70% ethanol, Contrasted with URANYL ACETATE - Placed into: Artificial resins into small capsules, left to set couple of days. - Sectioning: Ultrathin! 60-90nm mounted on copper grid - contrasted with LEAD NITRATE.
Topic 7: Epithelial tissues and classification | Types of epithelia?
Surface EP. Secretory EP. Sensory EP. Pigment EP
```Topic 7: Epithelial tissues and classification? | Surface EP?
- Covers outer and inner surf. of body. - Build up by cells closely attached forming layers over basal lamina. - Act as protection and interfaces
Topic 7: Epithelial tissues and classification | Secretory EP?
- Gland form surf.ep. forming "invaginations" into underlaying CT. - For secretion
Topic 14: Connective Tissues definition and classification Definition?
-Comes from Mesenchyme of embryo. - Reservoir for hormones -Derives from mesoderm: Function: - Spacefilling - Structural support for organs/other tissues - Metabollic support - Contains blood vessels: mediates exchange of nutrients/waste etc between blood vessels and tissues. - Densely innervated - Nerve endings and secretorycells may be present in the tissue
Topic 8: The epithelial cell: the polarity of the epithelial cell Layers?
•Apical – faces compartment, can contain microvilli or cilia (respiration). •Lateral – neighbors other cells, membranes can fuse to increase absorbancy. •Basal – faces basal lamina, can contain mitochondria-filled basal structures.
Topic 14: Connective Tissues definition and classification: Embryonic?
Embryonic: - Mesenchyme - Gelatinous connective - Choroid tissue
Topic 8: The epithelial cell: the polarity of the epithelial cell Connections? +occurance?
- Tight junctions: between cells forming impermeable/semi-permeable barriers between cells. - Gap-junctions (with Connexons) allow passage of electrolytes and other molecules between cells. Seen in epithelial, cardiac, smooth muscle, nervous, and certain connective tissue. -Belt Desmosome (Macula adherens) hold cells together with filaments. Prevent tearing.
Topic 15 - Connective Tissues: Extracellular matrix. | Morphology?
Ground substance: - Highly hydrated gel, with embedded cells and fibers Molecular components: - Proteoglycan - Chondroitin sulphate - Keratone sulphate - Dermatan sulphate - Hyaluronic acid
```9. Surface epithelia: Simple and pseudostratified epithelia: Occurance of pseudostratified columnar epithelia
The male urethra, epidymis, trachea, primary bronchi, the auditory tube, parts of the tympanic cavity and lacrimal sac.
Topic 17 - Embryonic Connective and Supportive Tissue: | Mesenchyme?
3D network Irregular cells Lots of ground substance(no fibers) Gives rise to adult CT
```12. Secretory epithelia: Modes of secretion | Types of secretion? Explain.
•Merocrine: Secretory cell intact. Product is small granules. Exocytosis, due to fusing with the plasma lemma. Most common. •Apocrine: Plasma lemma surrounds a large secretory granule and pinches off from cell apex. Enters lumen as a ‘secretory drop’ and leaves rest of plasma lemma intact. •Holocrine: Secretory cell fills with lipid granules. Cell moves to gland duct. Organelles degenerate. Cell dies, membrane breaks down, and secretum empties into duct.
12. Secretory epithelia: Modes of secretion | Occurance?
•Merocrine: pancreas •Apocrine: sweat and mammary •Holocrine: sabecous
Topic 15 - Connective Tissues: Extracellular matrix. | Elastic fibers?
Very elastic | Synthesized in RER of fibroblasts
10. Surface epithelia: stratified epithelia | Types of tissue? And their cell layers?
-Stratified squamous - non-keratinized: • Stratum germinativum – columnar cell layer • Stratum spinosum – cuboidal polygon cell layers • Stratum planocellulare – fusiform or flattened cells. -Stratified squamous - keratinized epithelium • Stratum germinativum – columnar cell layer • Stratum spinosum – cuboidal polygon cell • Stratum granulosum – fusiform cells with keratohyalin granules. • Stratum lucidum – flattened layer with eleidin • Stratum corneum – dead cell layer -Stratified cuboidal epithelium: two rows of cuboidal cells -Stratified columnar epithelium: stacked columnar cells
10. Surface epithelia: stratified epithelia | Occurance?
-Stratified squamous: the cornea and internal body surfaces (esophagus) - Stratified squamous: skin, and beginning and end of gastrointestinal tract - Stratified cuboidal epithelium: Very rare. In sweat gland ducts. - Stratified columnar: large excretory ducts, larynx, and the cavernous urethra.
Topic 18 - Adult CT types | Reticular CT?
Forms stoma of all lymph organs Made up for stellate reticular cells+fibers
Topic 19 - Blood as a Connective tissue: Plasma and cellular components Plasma
- CT with cells and fluid + Intercellular matrix = Plasma - Specialized cells from Bone marrow suspends in plasma. - Provides nutrients and Oxygen - Removes waste and CO2 to relevant organs - Volume by body weight: 8-11% in large domestics 6-7% in lab animals (common)
Topic 19 - Blood as a Connective tissue: Plasma and cellular components ECM?
ECM = Plasma 91-92% Water 8-9% Solute (ions, electrolytes, proteins) Fibers = Fibrinogen
Topic 19 - Blood as a Connective tissue: Plasma and cellular components Prep for light microscope study?
1 drop on a slide, air dry Stain with Giemsa Fixed in methanol Assess general health
Topic 16 - Connective Tissues: Cell type of CT | Free cells?
Macrophages Mast cells Plasma cells Melanocytes OTHERS (Sometimes): Lymphocytes Monocytes Granulocytes
```12. Secretory epithelia: Modes of secretion | Types of secretion? Explain.
• Merocrine: Secretory cell intact. Product is small granules. Exocytosis, due to fusing with the plasma lemma. Most common. • Apocrine: Plasma lemma surrounds a large secretory granule and pinches off from cell apex. Enters lumen as a ‘secretory drop’ and leaves rest of plasma lemma intact. • Holocrine: Secretory cell fills with lipid granules. Cell moves to gland duct. Organelles degenerate. Cell dies, membrane breaks down, and secretum empties into duct.
12. Secretory epithelia: Modes of secretion | Occurance?
• Merocrine: pancreas • Apocrine: sweat and mammary • Holocrine: sabecous
13. Secretory epithelia: Serous, mucous and seromucous acini Serous acini? (composed of? morphology? produces? occurance?)
Composed of acini with narrow lumen. Round basal nuclei. Cytoplasm is basophilic. Produce enzymes. Occures in pancreas
13. Secretory epithelia: Serous, mucous and seromucous acini Mucous acini? (composed of? morphology? produces? occurance?)
Composed of acini with wide lumen. Secretory cells have flattened basal nuclei. Poor stained cytoplasm. Produce mucopolysaccharides. Occures in eosephagus.
13. Secretory epithelia: Serous, mucous and seromucous acini Seromucous acini? (composed of? morphology? produces? occurance?)
Mucous acini surrounded by crescent serous cells. | Occures in submandibular.
21. Blood: granulocytes and agranulocytes | Eosinophils - Morphology, originate from, lasts, types, function?
•Morphology: bilobed nuclei, granules stain bright red. Size: 10-12 mm. •From red bone marrow and last 8-12 days •Specific granule crystal structure varies between species. •Control allergic reactions, phagocytose, and defend against parasitic worms.
Topic 17 - Embryonic Connective and Supportive Tissue: | Mesenchyme?
3D network Irregular cells Lots of ground substance(no fibers) Gives rise to adult CT
```21. Blood: granulocytes and agranulocytes | Lymphocytes - Morphology, originate from, types, function?
•Large nucleus with thin cytoplasmic rim. Size: 7-12 mm (large-medium-small) •From the red bone marrow •Develop into B- and T- lymphocytes •Function: provide immunity.
21. Blood: granulocytes and agranulocytes | Monocytes - Morphology, originate from, function?
•Large kidney-shaped nuclei. Size: up to 17 mm •From red bone marrow •Circulate blood for a couple days before entering the CT and transform to macrophage.
19. The blood as connective tisse: plasma and cellular components What is the plasma and it´s action?
A fluid connective tissue that carries nutrients and oxygen while transporting waste products to excretory organs and CO2 to lungs.
19. The blood as connective tisse: plasma and cellular components Cellular components?
(blood corpuscles) - Erythrocytes - Platelets (thrombocytes) - Leukocytes (granulocytes and agranulocytes).
19. The blood as connective tisse: plasma and cellular components ECM?
Plasma: majority water, with inorganic (ions, electrolytes) and organic (proteins, glucose, lipids, etc) solutes. Fibers: fibrinogen dissolved in plasma (fibrin), for clotting.
20. Blood: erythrocytes and platelets (morphology and function) Cell shape?
Maintained by spectrin at internal surface of membrane. •Non-nucleated and biconcave: dogs, cows, and sheep. •Shallow concavity: horse and cat. •Flat: pigs and goats.
20. Blood: erythrocytes and platelets (morphology and function) Origin and lifespan?
Red bone marrow. Last 4 months, destroyed in spleen. |
Topic 18 - Adult CT types
Loose CT Dense CT - Regular - Irregular Reticular CT White/Brown Adipose
```Topic 18 - Adult CT types | Loose CT
- Most frequent -Cells + fibres separated by ground subst. - All 3 fibers present - Present beneath epithelia, around blood vessels etc. - For support and repair (defense ect.)
Topic 18 - Adult CT types | Dense CT
Dense regular: - Regular pattern - In ligaments and tendons Dense Irregular: - Random pattern - Fibrocytes and fibroblasts very common - Collagen bundles - In muscles fascia
```Topic 18 - Adult CT types | Adipose CT?
White Adipose - Uniocular adipocytes - Collagen - Reticular fibers - For thermal insulation - Energy stores - Hormone production (Leptin) Brown Adipose - Multiocular adipocytes - Collagen - Reticular fibers - For non-shivering thermogenesis - Occurs in newborns/rodents/Hibernating species
```20. Blood: erythrocytes and platelets (morphology and function) Fine structure of erythrocytes?
Mature erythrocytes lack nucleus and cell organelles. Contains hemoglobin, some enzymes, and electrolytes in water.
20. Blood: erythrocytes and platelets (morphology and function) Abnormalities of erythrocytes?
•Poikilocytosis: variation in shape •Rouleaux formation: erythrocytes adhering to one another, forming chains. •Howell-Jolly bodies: small, round, pyknotic DNA fragments •Reticulocyte: immature red blood cells with residual ribosomes.
20. Blood: erythrocytes and platelets (morphology and function) Morphology of platelets?
Colorless anucleate corpuscles, thin biconvex discs. | Size: 2-3 mm.
20. Blood: erythrocytes and platelets (morphology and function) Function of platelets?
Provide blood clotting. (Thromboplastin transforms prothrombin into thrombin, and thrombin transforms fibrinogen into fibrin).
21. Blood: granulocytes and agranulocytes | Type of granulocytes and agranulocytes?
Granulocytes are polymorphonuclear. -Neutrophils -Eosinophils -Basophils Agranulocytes are mononuclear? -Monocytes -Lymphocytes
```21. Blood: granulocytes and agranulocytes | Neutrophils - Morphology, originate from, lasts, types, function?
•Most common. •From red bone marrow and last 7-8 hours •Most segmented nuclei. Size: 10-12 mm. Moderately stained granules •Specific (lysozyme, lactoferritin alkaline phosphatase) or azurophilic (lysosomal enzymes such as peroxidase) •Phagocytose (microphages)
21. Blood: granulocytes and agranulocytes | Eosinophils - Morphology, originate from, lasts, types, function?
•Morphology: bilobed nuclei, granules stain bright red. Size: 10-12 mm. •From red bone marrow and last 8-12 days •Specific granule crystal structure varies between species. •Control allergic reactions, phagocytose, and defend against parasitic worms.
Topic 19 - Blood as a Connective tissue: Plasma and cellular components Plasma
- Specialized cells from Bone marrow suspends in plasma. - Provides nutrients and Oxygen - Removes waste and CO2 to relevant organs - Volume by body weight: 8-11% in large domestics 6-7% in lab animals (common)
Topic 19 - Blood as a Connective tissue: Plasma and cellular components ECM?
ECM = Plasma 91-92% Water 8-9% Solute (ions, electrolytes, proteins)
21. Blood: granulocytes and agranulocytes | Basophils - Morphology, originate from, function?
•U- or kidney-shaped nuclei, large purple granules. Size: 10 mm. Very rare •From red bone marrow •Function is similar to CT mast cells.
21. Blood: granulocytes and agranulocytes | Lymphocytes - Morphology, originate from, types, function?
•Large nucleus with thin cytoplasmic rim. Size: 7-12 mm (large-medium-small) •From the red bone marrow •Develop into B- and T- lymphocytes •Function: provide immunity.
21. Blood: granulocytes and agranulocytes | Monocytes?
•Large kidney-shaped nuclei. Size: up to 17 mm •From red bone marrow •Circulate blood for a couple days before entering the CT and transform to macrophage.
22. Blood: comparison of the mammalian and avian blood corpuscles
-Mammalian bloods erythrocytes have round discs and no nuclei, avian bloods erythrocytes have nucleated ovoid cells. -Mammalian bloods thrombocytes have biconvex discs, no nucleus and are called platelets. Avian bloods thrombocytes are nucleated, ovoid and not platelets. Their granulocytes are called heterophils.
