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Med 411 > Histology Lab 7-11 > Flashcards

Histology Lab 7-11 Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

List the differences of the newborn and adult aortas

A

Newborn:
Thinner intima
Many wavy elastic fibers in media

Adult:
Thicker intima with orange fatty streaks/plaques
Less elastic and flattened media

Both have adventitia

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2
Q

Discuss the pathology associated w/muscular arteries

A

Thickening of the muscular artery wall due to combination of hypertrophy of muscular media and fibrosis of intima.
Narrowing of lumen and ischemia to tissue supplied by artery.

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3
Q

Identify the pathology indicated by the green arrow

A

Hyaline arteriolosclelrosis:
Thickening of the arteriolar wall due to deposition of proteinaceous material.
Narrow lumen

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4
Q

Identify the pathology

A

Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis:
Changes in arterioles of patients with accelerated/malignant hypertension.
Proliferation of cells in wall of arteriole.
Luminal obstruction.

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5
Q

What are the key features of a medium artery?

A

Tunica intima
Width of tunica media = width of adventitia
Tunica media compost of smooth muscle cells
External elastic membrane
Internal elastic membrane

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6
Q

Name the structures in the purple and black boxes.

A

Purple box: External elastic membrane

Black box: Internal elastic membrane

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7
Q

What are the key features of an arteriole?

A

Well defined regular lumen.
Intima: squamous endothelial cells
Media: 2 layers of smooth muscle
Adventia

Resistance vessel

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8
Q

What are the key features of a capillary?

A

Single layer of squamous epithelial cells.

Diffusion of gases and nutrients

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9
Q

What are the key features of a venule?

A

Tunica intima: hard to distinguish
Tunica media: discontinuous layer of smooth mm
Tunica adventitia: blends into surrounding CT

Less defined irregular lumen

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10
Q

What are the key features of a medium vein?

A

Tunica intima: layer of endothelial cells and thin sub-endothelial layer composed of few smooth mm and CT
Tunica media: few layers of smooth mm and some elastin
Tunica adventitia: thickest layer, smooth mm, CT, elastin

Presence of VALVES
Contain 70% of body’s blood

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11
Q

What are the key features of a large vein?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media: layer of circular smooth mm
Tunica adventitia: layer of longitudinal smooth mm

Holds large volume of blood.
Smooth mm facilitiates uni-directional movement of blood back to heart against gravity.

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12
Q

What are the key features of a lymphatic vessel?

A

Valves that ensure uni-diredtional flow.
Simple squamous epithelium.
Lymph in lumen.
Found in submucosa.

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13
Q

Discuss the pathology

A

Coronary artery with atherosclerosis.
Thickened tunica intima layer.
Placque with lipids and foam cells.
Narrowed lumen.

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14
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening or thickening of the walls of arteries or arterioles.

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15
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A form of arteriosclerosis where hardening of the walls is d/t fatty substances in the inner lining of arterial walls.

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16
Q

Arterioloscleriosis

A

Changes in arterioles that may cause ischemic damage to the tissues they supply.

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17
Q

Discuss the pathology

A

Aortic dissection:
Tear in tunica intima that leads to blood tracking into tunica media.
Consequence of age, chronic HTN, atherosclerosis, CT disorders, trauma, or vessel damage during surgery

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18
Q

Discuss the pathology

A

Likely LVH because:
Enlarged rectangular nuclei
Thicker myocytes
Fibrosis between mm cells

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19
Q

Discuss the pathology indicated by the purple lines

A

Sclerosed glomeruli:
Nephrosclerosis d/t HTN
Ischemia to glomeruli
Sclerosis of glomerulus
Atrophy of tubules

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20
Q

Discuss the pathology

A

HTN hemorrhage:
Hemorrhage in cerebral tissue
Numerous RBCs

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21
Q

Discuss the pathology. What is indicated by the dark blue arrow?
Purple arrows?

A

Invasive squamous cells carcinoma of the tongue

Dark blue arrow:
Carcinoma invading beyond basement membrane
Carcinoma cells with enlarged pleomorphic nuclei & mitotic figures
Keratin pearls

Purple arrow: Normal epithelium of the tongue

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22
Q

Identify the tissue

A

Sublingual gland:
Mixed seromucous gland
Lobules of mucus and serous-secreting cells arranged in grape-like acini.
Serous demilunes on mucous acini.
Striated ducts that resorb Na+, creating hypotonic secretion.
Interlobular ducts lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium.

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23
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A

Lubrication and protection of oral cavity.
Aids in digestion.
Serves immune role.

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24
Q

Identify the tissue and the components indicated.

A

Parotid gland
Purely serous glands
Ducts
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels

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25
Identify the pathology
Pleomorphic adenoma of parotid gland. Haphazard mixture of glandular and stromal tissue. Capsule of adenoma.
26
Discuss the layers of the esophagus.
Mucosa: NKSSE Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae: localized movements of the esophageal lumen Submucosa: Irregular dense CT rich in blood and lymphatics Submucosal glands that secrete acidic mucin onto inner epithelium. Muscularis externa: Inner circular and outer longitudinal Upper 1/3 all SKM Middle 1/3 inner smooth, outer SKM Lower 1/3 all smooth mm Adventitia: Irregular CT, adipose tissue, nerves and bvs. Anchors esophagus to neighbouring structures.
27
Identify the layers
28
Identify the structure
Gastroesophageal junction: Z-line where abrupt change from NKSSE to simple columnar
29
Identify the pathology in this section of the esophagus
Barrett's Esophagus: Metaplastic glandular epithelium Goblet cells Inflammation of the lamina propria and epithelium. Metaplasia d/t backward flow of stomach contents through LES. Increased risk of dysplastic change and development of invasive adenocarcinoma
30
Discuss the changes seen in this esophageal dysplasia
Barrett esophagus with metaplastic columnar epithelium. HIgh power: Nuclear pleomorphism Nuclear hyperchromasia No invasion of BM
31
Discuss the pathological changes seen in this esophagus
Esophageal adenocarcinoma Low Power: normal squamous with carcinoma extending bellow it. High Power: Enlarged pleomorphic nuclei w/ nucleoli and mitotic figures. Squamous cell carcinoma of upper 2/3 of esophagus related to tobacco and EtOH use. Adenocarcinoma of distal 1/3 related to GERD and Barrett esophagus.
32
Identify the structure
Stomach Mucosa: Large folds (rugae) flatten as stomach stretches. Simple columnar epithelium w/mucin granules Gastric pits that dip down even further to gastric glands. Gastric glands secrete mucus, acid, digestive enzymes. Muscularis mucosaie for localized mvmt. Submucosa: highly vascularized and innervated CT layer Muscularis externa: mix chyme and expel it to small intestine. Inner oblique Middle circular Outer longitudinal Serosa: moist slippery surface of mesothelial cells. Produces thin film of serous fluid
33
Identify the cells
Yellow arrows: Parietal cells Secrete HCL and intrinsic factor Blue arrows: Chief cells Secrete pepsinogen I & II and lipase
34
Identify the area
Gastroduodenal Junction: Gradual transition from gastric mucosa to villous epithelium of duodenum.
35
Identify the area
Duodenum Mucosa: broad leaf-shaped villi Simple columnar epithelial cells (enterocytes) with microvilli Goblet cells Epithelium dips down to musclaris mucosae forming crypts Submucosa: Brunner's glands Muscularis externa: 2 layers Adentitia/Serosa: some area lined by adventitia and some by serosa
36
Identify the structures indicated by the blue arrows
Brunner's glands: Secrete alkaline glycoprotien to buffer HCl from stomach
37
What are the functions of the duodenum?
Absorption of nutrients Mixing, breaking down of food w/enzymes Brush border to increase SA for absorption
38
Identify the pathology
Duodenal Ulcer: Necrotic debris and inflammatory cells (ulcer slough). No muscularis propria Will present clinically with hematemesis or melena. May be secondary to H.Pylori, NSAID use.
39
Identify the pathology
Celiac Disease: Flattening of villi Lengthening of crypts Chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate in LP Increased intra-epithelial lymphocytes Triggered by gluten intolerance. Clinical presentation: wt loss, anemia, steatorrhea
40
Identify the structure
Jejunum Has most extensive area for secretion and absoption. Mucosa is mostly villi and crypts.
41
Identify the structure
Jejunum Mucosa: Large tall finger shaped villi Columnar epithelial cells (enterocytes) Microvilli Goblet cells Cellular and vascularized LP
42
Identify the structure
Villus of Jejunum w/ lacteal and micro villi
43
Function of jejunum
Absorption of nutrients Lacteal absorbs dietary fat Fat+ lymph = chyme
44
Identify the structure
Ileum Mucosa: Stubby club-shaped villi Simple columnar epithelial cells (enterocytes) Microvilli Goblet cells Large single lacteal in LP Base of crypts contains Lymphocytic patches/Paneth cells Submucosa: CT w/nerves, bvs, lymphatics, Peyer's Patches/aggregates of lymphoid tissue
45
What type of specialized cell is shown here? Function? Location?
Lymphocytic patches/Paneth cells Secretory cells that secrete antimicrobial agents. Found throughout small intestine
46
Difference btwn ileum and jejunum?
Jejunum has more folds. Ileum has more goblet cells and GALT in the wall.
47
What is this structure? Function? Location?
Peyer's patches/aggregates of lymphoid tissue. Immunity. Ileum.
48
Identify the structure
Colon Mucosa: Lacks villi Deep glands/crypts Large number of goblet cells LP is highly cellular, contains GALT Submucosa: Typical Submucosal/Meissner's Plexus under submucosa Colon stores intestinal contents before discharge, absorbs water, secretes mucus for protection and lubrication. Wall of colon has 4 concentric layers.
49
Function of Submucosal Plexus
Controls local muscle intestinal secretion, local absorption, and local contraction. Found under sub-mucosa.
50
Function of Myenteric plexus
Peristaltic movement of the bowels. Found between circular and longitudinal layers of muscularis externa.
51
Identify the pathology
Invasive colon andenocarcinoma. Not contained by basement membrane. Ulceration of surface. Edges of carcinoma are raised relative to normal epithelium. Higher mag: Enlarged pleomorphic nuclei with nucleoli and mitotic figures. Necrotic debris.
52
Identify the pathology
Ulcerative colitis Low mag: Fewer crypts Branched crypts Crypts do not extend to muscularis mucosae Chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate High mag: Neuts line crypt walls Crypt abscess: neuts in lumen of crypt
53
Identify the structure
Appendix Similar structure to colon. Large number of lyphoid follicles in LP. B cell production Follicles/nodules exten into muscularis mucosae and obliterate it. Short mesentary - mesoappendix.
54
Identify the pathology
Appendicitis: Ulceration of mucosa Loss of glands Inflammatory exudate
55
Identify the structure
Pancreas: CT capsule w/septae dividing into lobules. Endocrine and exocrine function. Light staining stroma
56
What pancreatic structure is shown in the centre of this image? Function?
Pancreatic islet: Mostly B-cells that secrete insulin. Some A-cells secreting glucagon. Few D-cells and F-cells that secrete somatostatin. Few Epsion cells that secrete ghrelin.
57
Identify the structures
Yellow circles: Pancreatic Acini Nucleus and dark-staining basophilic cytoplasm d/t lots of RER. Eosinophilic zymogen granules at apex. Produce digestive enzymes. Yellow arrows: Duct system. Transport enzymes. Blue arrow: Centroacinar cell Pail staining w/euchromatic nuclei in center. Secrete enzyme-rich, watery alkaline solution (pancreatic juice)
58
Identify the pancreatic ducts shown here
Intercalated merge into intralobular which merge into interlobular. Epithelium changes from simple cuboidal to low columnar. Most pancreatic adenocarcinomas look like ductal epithelium.
59
Identify the structures
Endocrine pancreas Pancreatic islets Blue stars: polygonal shaped cells Pink arrows: fenestrated capillaries
60
Identify the organ and functions
Liver Relatively uniform appearance. Parenchyma and stroma. External capsule of Glisson. Portal tracts Storage, metabolism, detoxification, filtration, digestion.
61
Identify the structure
Hepatic lobule: 6 portal tracts 6 interlobular septae Hexagonally arranged around central vein. Hepatocytes arranged in plates. Purple arrows: Sinusoids carry blood toward central vein. Black box: Central vein Central vein delivers blood to hepatic veins to IVC. Has attenuated endothelium. Perisinusoidal spaces: exchange of subtances between hepatocytes and blood.
62
Identify the structures shown in the hepatic portal tract here.
Hepatic arterioles - rings of smooth mm. Hepatic portal veinule - thin endothelial walls. Bile duct - cuboidal to columnar epithelium.
63
Identify the pathology
Cirrhosis of the liver: Fibrous bands. Regenerative nodules. Decreased hepatocyte function Disturbances in blood flow Portal HTN
64
Identify the organelle in the centre of the image and give its function.
Tertiary lysosome w/lipid droplet. Digest cellular debris or phagocytosed pathogens. Tertiary b/c of the amount of indigestible debris.
65
Identify the structure and associated cells.
Hepatic sinusoid. Blue star: Hepatocyte Orange star: Kupffer cell - prominent lysosome. Purple star: Perisinusoidal space of Disse - filled w/hepatocyte microvilli Green star: Sinusoidal endothelial cells Red star: Hepatic stellate cell - large euchromatic nucleus and large lipid droplet. Fenestrated endothelium.
66
Identify the structure and state function.
Ovary Surface epithelium - simple cuboidal Tunica albuginea - dense CT layer directly under epithelium. Protective. Medulla Cortex - area of CT with follicle Reproductive function.
67
Identify the structures. What is the stage and characteristics?
Primordial Oocytes Single layer of flattened follicular cells. Development is independent of sex hormones.
68
Identify the structures. What is the stage and characteristics?
Primary uni-laminar follicles. Uni-laminar layer of cuboidal granulosa cells. Development is independent of sex hormones.
69
Identify the structures. What is the stage and characteristics?
Primary multi-laminar follicle. Multi-laminar cuboidal granulosa cells. Theca interna Zona pellucida
70
Identify the structures. What is the stage and characteristics?
Secondary follicle. Beginning of an antrum and polarization. Zona pellucida
71
Identify the structures. What is the stage and characteristics?
Tertiary or Graafian follicle. Antral lake Zona granulosa Theca interna Corona radiata Cumulus oophorus
72
From low mag to high mag, identify the structure. What are the key features.
Corpus Luteum Ovarian cortex Blood clot Granulosa lutein cells Theca lutein cells. Produce mainly progesterone which promotes glycogen secretion by the endometrial glands.
73
Comment on the stage of life. What features allow you to identify it?
Postmenopausal ovary. Corpus albicans (corpora albicantia) - inactive fibrous tissue mass.
74
What phase is this uterus? What are the characteristics?
Proliferative. Thickened endometrium. Spiraled tubular glands. Cellular stroma.
75
What phase is this uterus? What are the characteristics?
Glycogen in lumen of glands. Saw-tooth appearance of glands.
76
Identify the structure.
Oviduct
77
Identify the structure
Uterus
78
Describe the pathology shown infiltrating the colon here.
Endometriosis: Ectopic endometrial tissue. Presence of endometrial glands and stroma in the colon.
79
Describe the pathology shown here.
Endometrioma: Cyst like structure on the ovary. Hemosiderin laden machrophages within the endometrioma from blood becoming trapped.
80
Describe the pathology shown in this section of uterus.
Adenomyosis: Endometrial tissue in the myometrial layer. Endometrial tissue bleeds cyclically resulting in pain, swelling, enlarged uterus. Chronic pelvic pain.
81
Describe the pathology visible in this section of uterus.
Uterine leiomyomas/fibroids. Benign neoplasms of smooth mm. Fibroid is well circumscribed and composed of smooth mm bundles. Presents with menorrhagia and pelvic pain. May cause enlarged uterus that can subsequently cause urinary or GI symptoms.
82
What are the cells in this structure and what are their functions?
Ampula of the oviduct. Dark green arrow: Peg cells - quiescent form of secretory cell. Orange arrow: Ciliated columnar cells - beat in unison and propel ova toward uterus. Brown arrow: Non-ciliated secretory cells - produce nutrients for ova.
83
Describe the cells and features in this section of the placenta and their importance.
Placenta: membrane around fetus. Villi covered with syncytiotrophoblast. Chorionic villus with syncytiotrophoblast lining the outside. Connective tissue. Fetal blood within villus Fetal endothelium Maternal blood in lacunae.
84
What structures can be seen in the umbilical cord?
2 arteries - low O2 1 vein - higher O2 Wharton's jelly
85
What part of the reproductive tract is this? What are the cell types? What is the significance of the junction?
Cervix Endocervix: simple columnar Ectocervis: stratified squamous Squamocolumnar junction/Zone of transformation - with menstrual cycles, cervical stroma increases in volume, columnar moves into vagina and squamous moves toward endocervix. Dysplastic changes may lead to cervical cancer.
86
What are the layers of the vagina and what kind of epithelium is it?
Mucosa: stratified squamous epithelium. Changes in glycogen content with menses. Glycogen allow for bacteria to form lactic acid as defense. Muscularis: Inner circ/outer long.
87
What is this? Name its features.
Clitoris Tunica albuginea Erectile tissue.
88
Identify the stages of life:
89
Identify the structure and discuss its features.
Testes Parenchyma Stroma: Thick dense fibroelastic CT capsule = tunica albuginea. Mediastinum testes: Thickening of tunica albuginea. Septum divides testes into lobules. Sperm and testosterone production. Epididymis Vas deferens
90
Identify and discuss this structure
Seminiferous tubules: Exocrine. Leydig cells produce testosterone. Spermatogonia on BM w/round nuclei Spermatocytes w/larger round euchromatic nuclei Spermatozoa which get released into lumen.
91
Sertoli cells
Support and maturation of spermatozoa. Have oblong euchromatic prominent nucleus.
92
Identify the features and cells
Seminiferous tubules.
93
Identify the cell
Interstitial cell of Leydig. Produce testosterone.
94
Identify the features and cells.
Early spermatid. Acrosome contains hydolytic enzymes that help sperm penetrate egg's coat.
95
What are these cells and what do they do?
Spermatid in Sertoli cell. Remains anchored in crypt-like recesses of Sertoli cells.
96
What is the pathway of spermatozoa?
Seminiferous tubules Rete testes Efferent ductules Epididymis
97
Structure and function?
Epidiymis on posterior aspect of testes. Spermatozoa storage and continued maturation. Pseudostratified epithelium with basal stem cells and principal cells with apical stereocilia.
98
What is this structure? Layers? Features?
Vas deferens. Inner mucosa 3 layers of smooth mm. Loose CT adventia Psuedostratified epithelium, basal cells, principal cells with apical stereocilia LP with lots of elastin. Transports spermatozoa along duct during ejaculation
99
What is this structure? Features? What does it secrete?
Seminal vesicle. Pseudostratified to simple columnar epithelium. Apical domes instead of stereocilia. Secretes 70% of semen. Primary secretion is fructose as energy source for spermatozoa.
100
What is this accessory gland?
Prostate. 15% of ejaculate. Contains enzymes that help with liquification of semen. Secretes prostate specific antigen
101
Identify the structure and name the features.
Penis. 3 erectile tissues Pacinian corpuscles and many nerve fascicles. Invaginations = Glands of Littre- secrete mucus as pre-ejaculatory emission.
102

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