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circ-histology and embryology > histology of circulatory system > Flashcards

histology of circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

4 fibrous rings of hearts are ____ and they are composed of ____ tissue

A

2 atrioventricular rings, aortic ring, pulmonary ring
dense irregular connective

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2
Q

heart

fibrous trigone

A

connect the fibrous ring

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3
Q

function of fibrous skeleton

A

independent attachment for the atrial/ventricular muscles
electrical insulator prevent free flow of electrical impulses

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4
Q

membranous portion of interventricular septum

A

no smooth muscle
dense connective tissue
short length of AV bundle

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5
Q

fibrous skeleton of the heart composed of

A

-4 fibrous rings
-2 fibrous trigone
-membranous part of interventricular septum

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6
Q

modified cardiac muscle fibers

A

Purkinje fibers

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7
Q

pericardum has 2 layers:

A

fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium

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8
Q

serous pericardium is composed of

A

parietal layer: adherent to fibrous pericardium
visceral layer = epicardium

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9
Q

pericardial cavity has ____, excess of it can cause ____

A

15-50 mL serous fluid
pericardial tamponade

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10
Q

epicardium composed of

A

single layer of mesothelial cells
underlying connective and adipose tissue

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11
Q

blood vessels and nerves of heart lie in which layer?

A

epicardium

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12
Q

epicardium is actually ____ and is homologous to ____ of blood vessels

A

visceral layer of serous pericardium
tunica adventitia

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13
Q

epicardium is reflected at the ____ to continue as the ____

A

great vessels
parietal layer

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14
Q

3 cell types of myocardium

A

contractile cariocytes
myoendocrine cardiocytes
nodal cardiocytes

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15
Q

myocardium

contractile cardiocytes

A

contract to pump

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16
Q

myocardium

myoendocrine cardiocytes

A

produce atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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17
Q

Atrial natriuetic peptide (ANP)

A

secreted by myoendocrine cardiocytes when they are stretched
stimulate diuresis and natriuresis to decrease blood volume

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18
Q

myocardium

nodal cardiocytes

A

specialized to control rhytmic contraction of heart

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19
Q

myocardium is continous with ____ of vessels

A

tunica media

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20
Q

left ventricular hypertrophy

A

wall of the left ventricle becomes uniformly much thicker and less elastic
cardiac muscles can not divide so they thicken their myofilament –> hypertrophy

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21
Q

endocardium is homologous ____ of vessels

A

tunica intima

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22
Q

endocardium layers

A

endothelium and subendothelial tissue
subendothelial connective tissue and smooth muscle
sunendocardial layer

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23
Q

endocardium

subendocardial layer

A

connective tissue consist of collagen and elastic fibers
continous with connective tissue of myocardium

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24
Q

conductive system of the heart is located

A

in the subendocaridal layer

purkinje fibers are located

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25
Q

septa are lined by ____

A

endocardium

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26
Q

heart valves are composed of ____ and ____

A

connective tissue
overlying endocardium

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27
Q

3 layers of heart valve

A

fibrosa
spongiosa
ventricularis

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28
Q

Heart valve

fibrosa

A

the middle layer
forms the core of valve
contains fibrous extensions from dense irregular connective tissue of skeletal rings

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29
Q

Heart valve

spongiosa

A

loose connective tissue covered by endothelium
collagen and elastic fibers, proteoglycans
shock absorber
maintain flexibility and plasticity

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30
Q

spongiosa is found on which side of the valve

A

atrial/ blood vessel

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31
Q

Heart valve

ventricularis

A

contains dense connective tissue with many elastic fibers
covered with endothelium

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32
Q

In AV valves, chordae tendineae is continous with which layer of the valve?

A

ventricularis

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33
Q

both side of the chorda tendineae are covered by ____

A

endothelium

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34
Q

true/false

valve cusps are vascular

A

false: they are avascular

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35
Q

nodal cardiac cells have ____ myofibrils and ____ intercalated discs

A

smaller and fewer
lack typical

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36
Q

purkinje fibers are ____ than ventricular myocytes. Myofibrils are located at the ____ of the cell. Cell have positive ____ stain due to ____

A

larger
periphery
glycogen stores (more resistant to hypoxia)

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37
Q

baroreceptors are ____ receptors.
located in ____

A

high Pressure
carotid sinus
aortic arch

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38
Q

volume receptors are ____ receptors and sense ____
located in ____

A

low pressure
cardiac distention
wall of atria and ventricles

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39
Q

Chemoreceptors sense alterations in ____
located in ____

A

O2-CO2 tension
carotid and aortic bodies

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40
Q

carotid body is located at the ____
aortic body is located at the ____

A

carotid bifurcation
aortic arch

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41
Q

Carotid bodies have ____ cells which contain vesicles with dopamine, seratonin and adrenaline

A

glomus (type I) cell

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42
Q

Glomus cells in carotid bodies synapse with which nerve?

A

CN9
glossopharyngeal

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43
Q

3 components of carotid body

A

glomus (type I) cells
supporting cells
sinusoidal capillaries

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44
Q

3 layers of vessels

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

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45
Q

blood vessels

layers of tunica intima

A

endothelium
basal lamina
subendothelium
internal elastic membrane

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46
Q

layers of tunica media

A

muscle cells (circumferential arrangement)
external elastic membrane and ECM

47
Q

tunica adventitia

A

outmost connective tissue
vaso vasorum and nervi vascularis

48
Q

why vessel walls show different properties?

A

vessels bare different pressures

49
Q

vascular endothelium is composed of ____ epithelium

A

simple squamous

50
Q

____ are characteristic of vascular endothelium

A

weibel-palade

storage granules

51
Q

at the luminal surface of vascular endothelium ____ are present which are also important for immunologic and hematologic function

A

adhesion molecules
surface receptors

52
Q

due to continous transport, ____ are seen in the surface of vascular endothelium.

A

pinocytic vesicles

53
Q

prostacyclin

A

produced by endothelial cells of vessels to prevent adhesion of platelet and avoid blood circulation
vasodilator

54
Q

for its vasoactive role vessel endothelial cells release

A

NO: smooth muscle relaxation
endothelin 1: smooth muscle contraction

55
Q

2 subtances released by vascular endothelium to prevent blood clotting

A

tissue factor
prostacyclin

56
Q

foam cells

A

derived from macrophages and smooth muscle cells by accumulation of LDLs

57
Q

formation of atheromatous plaque

A

an increase in the thickness of tunica intima
1. monocyte migration through the endothelium
2. smooth muscle migration from tunica media
3. accumulation of LDL

58
Q

large arteries =

A

elastic or conducting

59
Q

muscular or distributing arteries =

A

small arteries
medium arteries

60
Q

resistance arteries =

A

arterioles

61
Q

most prominent feature of large arteries

A

numerous elastic lamellae in tunica media
smooth muscle cells are disperdes between elastic lamellae
tunica media is the thickest layer

62
Q

function of elastic lamellae in large arteries

A

elasic recoil (compliance) to provide continous blood flow during diastole

63
Q

tunica intima of large arteries

A

endothelial lining + basal lamina
subendothelial layer : loose connective tissue
internal elastic membrane: not distinguishable

64
Q

true/false

in tunica media ECM is secreted by fibroblast

large arteries

A

false: there are no fibroblast
smooth muscle cells secrete ECM

65
Q

tunica adventitia of large arteries

A

thin connective tissue
collagen and elastic fibers (not lamellae)
fibroblast and macrophages
nerves and vessels are found

66
Q

arteries

elastic lamellae is stained by

A

Weigert’s/ Verhoeff’s stain

fenestrated and lamellar elastic fibers

67
Q

prominent feautres of medium arteries
TI:
TM:
TA:

A

TI:internal elastic membrane
TM: thick layer smooth muscle cells, no fibroblasts, external elastic membrane
TA:thich and seperated from TM

68
Q

small arteries contain____ layers of smooth muscle cells

A

2-8

69
Q

arterioles have ____ layers of smooth muscle cells

A

1-2

70
Q

____ are flow regulators of capillary beds

A

arterioles

71
Q

slight thickening of smooth muscles at the origin of capillary bed

A

precapillary sphincter

72
Q

in arterioles smooth muscles are ____ arranged

A

concentrically

73
Q

smallest diamter vessels

A

capillaries

74
Q

capillaries are composed of

A

single layer of ednothelial cell + basal lamina

75
Q

3 types of capillary

A

continous
fenestrated
discontinous (sinusoidal)

76
Q

continuous capillary

A

continous basal lamina
found in thymus, bone, lung
pinocytotic vesicles are seen due to transendothelial migration

77
Q

fenestrated capillary

A

basal lamina is continous
endothelial cell cytopllasm has fenestrae
found in fluid transport cell: intestinal villi, choroid plexus, ciliary process of eye, **glomerulus **

78
Q

sinusoidal capillary

A

basal lamina and endothelium is discontinous
easy passage of large molecules
found in liver, spleen and bone marrow

79
Q

pericytes are found in ____. they are ____ cells so their function is ____

A

continuous capilaries and postcapilary venules
contractile
provide vascular support and stability

80
Q

pericytes surround capillaries with ____.

A

cytoplasmic processes

81
Q

thoroughfare channels

A

distal segments of metarterioles
their walls lack smooth muscle

82
Q

terminal branches of arterioles

A

metarterioles

83
Q

when pre-capillary sphincters are contracted, where does the blood flow?

A

arterioles –> metarteriole –> thoroughfare channel –> postcapillary venule

84
Q

the last component of microvasculature

A

post-capillary venules

85
Q

precapillary sphincters allow blood to enter capillary beds in a ____ manner

A

pulsatile

86
Q

structure that enable bypass of capilary bed

A

arteriovenous shunt

throughfare channels/ metarteriole

87
Q

a vein or a arteriole interposed between 2 capillary network forms a

A

portal system

88
Q

arterial portal system example

A

glomerulus of kidney

89
Q

venous portal system example

A

liver portal system (portal vein)
hyphothalamohypophysial portal system

90
Q

true/false

in veins tunics are also well defined like arteries.

A

false: in veins tunics are not well defined

91
Q

4 types of veins

A

1.venules
2.small veins
3.medium veins
4.large veins

92
Q

primary site at which WBC leave the circulation at sites of infection or tissue damage

A

post capillary venules

93
Q

true/false

there are more pericytes in post capillary venules than capillaries.

A

true

94
Q

muscular venule
TI:
TM:
TA:

A

thin TI
TM: 1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells
TA thicker than TM

95
Q

in veins which layer of tunics is the thickest?

A

tunica adventitia

96
Q

post capillary venules is composed of

A

endothelial cell and pericytes

97
Q

small veins have ____ layers of smooth muscle cells in TM

A

2-3

98
Q

in medium veins there are longitudinally arranged smooth muscle fibers in ____

A

tunica adventitia

99
Q

valves of veins

A

thin folds of tunica intima projecting into the lumen
rich in elastic fibers lined by endothelium
prevent backflow of blood

100
Q

differences between medium artery (MA) and medium vein (MV)

A

MA: prominent internal and external elastic membrane, tunica media is thicker
MV: thicker TA. Lumen is larger but folded

101
Q

in large veins in TA ____ are prominent

A

longitudinal smooth muscle cells

102
Q

veins are ____ so they contain 70% of total blood volume

A

capacitance

103
Q

varicose veins results from weakness in ____

A

tunica media due to increased intraluminal pressure

104
Q

atypical blood vessels
coronary artery:
dural venous sinuses:
great saphenous vein:
central adrenomedullary vein :

A

coronary artery: thick walls
dural venous sinuses: borad spaces
great saphenous vein: unusual amount of muscle
central adrenomedullary vein : irregulary arranged smooth muscle

105
Q

lymphatic capillaries are found in ____
they begin as ____
lack ____
have ____

A

loose connective tissue
continuous basal lamina
anchoring filaments

106
Q

lymphatic vessels are not found in _____

A

CNS
bone marrow

107
Q

lymphatic vessels are more ____ than blood capillaries because ____

A

permeable
excess protein-rich tissue flluid

108
Q

lymphatic vessels pathway

A

capillary –> precollecting lymphatic vessels –> collecting lymphatic vesssels

109
Q

which lymph vessels are surrounded by smooth muscle cells which provide intrinsic pumping activity

A

collecting vessels

110
Q

true / false

like veins lymphatic vessels have valves but their number is more

A

true

111
Q

functions of lymphatic system

A

conduct immune cells to lymph and lymph nodes
remove excess fluid from intersitial space
transport chylomicrons, lipid containing particles through lacteal lymphatic vessels inside the intestinal villi

112
Q

vasculogenesis is initiated by ____ or ____ and occurs during ____

A

vascular endothelial progenitors or angioblasts
embryogenesis

113
Q

angiogenesis can be initiated in a ____ . It occurs during ____

A

preexisting vessel
uterine menstrual cycle, placental growth, wound healing, inflammatory responses

circ-histology and embryology (7 decks)

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