histology of endocrine organs Flashcards by Lauren M

Humoral stimuli

release controlled by monitoring levels of ions and

nutrients in blood and body fluids.

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neuronal stimuli

release stimulated by nerve signals.

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Hormonal stimuli

release caused by a hormone secreted into

bloodstream by another endocrine organ or cell.

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what are the targets of hypothalamic hormones (direct)?

• Anterior pituitary gland (releasing &amp;
inhibiting factors)
• Kidney and uterus (releasing
antidiuretic hormone &amp; oxytocin, in
the posterior pituitary)
• Adrenal medulla (sympathetic
innervation)

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what are the targets of hypothalamic hormones (indirect )?

Thyroid gland
Adrenal cortex
Mammary gland
Gonads—testes or ovaries
Bone and other organs

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what is ant pituitary mostly comprised of?

epithelial cells

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what is post pituitary mostly comprised of?

axons from hypothalamus and support cells

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Somatotropic cells

secrete GH

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Thyrotropic cells

secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulating thyroid

gland secretion

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Corticotropic cells

secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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Gonadotropic cells

secrete FSH and LH that acts on gonads

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Mammotropic cells

secrete prolactin (stimulates milk production)

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what is found in the pars intermedia

• Small basophils and colloid-filled follicles
lined by cuboidal epithelium
• Frequently has cleft (remnant of lumen
of Rathke’s pouch)

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what is found in the pars nervosa?

• Does not manufacture hormones, rather stores and
releases them from axon terminals
• Consists of:
• Hypothalamic unmyelinated axons
• Herring bodies—expanded axonal nerve terminals storing
ADH/oxytocin
• Pituicytes (glia-like) supporting the nerve fibers
• Fenestrated capillaries

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acidphils of pars distalis

Somatotrophs—GH

* Mammotrophs—Prolactin

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basophils of parts distalis

Corticotrophs—ACTH
Thyrotrophs—TRH
Gonadotrophs—FSH/LH

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chromophobes of pars distalis

unknown function

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infundibulum

• Neural portion (infundibular stalk)

Adenohypophysis portion

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blood supply to hyophysis

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2 capillary beds connected by hypophyseal portal vein

ADH

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targets kidney; regulates sodium and water

retention

oxytocin

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targets uterine smooth muscle and stimulates lactation;
induces birth. May be involved in
sexual arousal and pair and social
bonding.

gigantism

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excess production GH due to tumor

acromegaly

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if excess production of GH occurs after growth pates close
enlargement of the extremities

pituitary dwarfs

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hyposecretion of GH;
normal body proportion but rarely exceed 4
feet tall
• If given GH, many can reach nearly normal
stature

pineal gland

Role in growth, development and circadian rhythms • Synthesizes melatonin and serotonin * *Calcified granular material (brain sand) —calcium phosphate crystals

thyroid blood supply

superior thyroid | vessels and inferior thyroid vessels

thyroid location

Butterfly-shaped, bi-lobed endocrine gland just below larynx and anterior to trachea

what does colloid in thyroid follicle contain?

thyroglobulin, a storage form of the thyroid hormones, T3 and T4 (iodine-containing hormones)

Parafollicular C Cells

• Secrete calcitonin when blood levels of calcium | are high

• Grave’s disease

Abnormal antibodies stimulating TSH receptors causing | over-secretion of T3 & T4

symptoms of graves disease

•elevated metabolism, sweating, rapid heart rate, weight loss; eyeballs may protrude. Thyroidectomy or anti-thyroid drugs.`

Hypothyroidism

• Insufficient T3 & T4 production (~7% women/3% men); | often an autoimmune disease causing follicle cell death

symptoms of hypothyroidism

low metabolic rate, weight gain, lethargy, chilliness, edema, and mental sluggish’ treated with synthetic T3/T4

goiters

Thyroid enlargement most commonly due to iodine deficiency; follicle cells keep producing thyroglobulin but cannot iodinate it to make TH.

Parathyroid Glands

release parathyroid hormone (PTH). Major importance in regulating serum calcium and phosphate levels.

what cells release PTH?

chief (principle cells)

what does PTH do?

Stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release its calcium stores Increase calcium retention by the kidneys Stimulates kidney to convert an inactive form of vitamin D to calcitriol (active vitamin D) Calcitriol increases calcium absorption by the intestines

Zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids)-

aldosterone

Zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids)

ACTH (CORTISOL)

Zona reticularis (androgens)

influence secondary sex | characteristics

Adrenal Medulla

spherical cells called chromaffin cells (target of sympathetic neurons) -release EPI and NE

Epi cells

smaller with granules less electron | dense than norepinephrine cells

NE cells

larger with granule more electron | dense

Addison's disease

hyposecretory disorder usually in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

Cushing’s syndrome

-due to hypersecretion of glucocorticoids because of either an ACTH- secreting pituitary tumor or a tumor in adrenal cortex “buffalo hump and moon face"

pancreatic blood supply

dual blood supply 1) insuloacinar portal system 2) acinar vascular system

histology of endocrine organs Flashcards

(46 cards)