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GI Exam 2 > Histology of GI Glands > Flashcards

Histology of GI Glands Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q
  • Three main digestive glands
A
  • Major salivary glands
  • Exocrine Pancreas
  • Liver
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2
Q
  • Function of exocrine glands
A
  • Secrete mucus, hormone, and enzymes
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3
Q

What is the basic secretory unit of salivary glands called?

What are its components?
Where are they not found?

A
  • Salivon
  • Acinus, Intercalated duct, excretory duct
  • Liver, pancreas, gallbladder
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4
Q
  • What is the acinus?
A
  • Secretory portion of the salivon
  • Blind sac of secretory cells
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5
Q
  • The duct makes up the _ portion of the salivon
A
  • Conducting
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6
Q
  • Salivary glands are covered in a _ capsule and are separated into lobes and lobules via _ (which also serve as a route for neurovasculature)
  • Function of saliva?
A
  • CT capsule, interlobar septa
  • Saliva functions include:
    • Lubrication and cleansing of oral mucosa
    • Igs, minerals, electrolytes, buffers and metabolic wastes
    • Aids in digestion of food via enzymes
    • Mineralizes teeth to help maintain tooth integrity
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7
Q
  • Mucus acini properties
A
  • Cloudier looking cytoplasm
  • Produce thick glycoprotein rich product
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8
Q
  • Serous acini properties
A
  • Clear staining cytoplasm
  • Produces a water based product
  • (Serous kind of sounds like see through-see through/clear stained cytoplasm)
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9
Q
  • Mucoserous
  • _ cells are located between epithelial cells and basal lamina and function to assist in moving secretory products into the excretory duct
A
  • Contains a core of mucous cells surrounded by a serous demilune (like a cute little hat over the top of the core mucous cells)
  • Myoendothelial cells
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10
Q
  • The serous demilune is an _ of fixation
  • What does this mean?
A
  • Artifact of fixation
  • The serous cells do not actually make a demilune but instead are aligned in the same row as mucous cells
  • Expansion of the mucous cells during fixation pushes serous cells out of their original position and into demilune position
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11
Q
  • Pathway of saliva flow (name the types of epithelium present at each portion)
A
  • Acinus
  • Intercalated duct (low cuboidal epithelium)
  • Striated duct (simple cuboidal to simple columnar epithelium)
  • Excretory duct (simple cuboidal to stratified cuboidal or pseudostratified columnar epithelium)
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12
Q
  • Parotid glands contain no _ cells
  • Submandibular glands contain more _ cells
  • Sublingual glands contain more _ cells
A
  • Mucous
  • Serous
  • Mucous
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13
Q
  • What type of acini is shown in the following image?
A
  • Mucous
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14
Q
  • What type of acini is shown in the following image
A
  • Serous
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15
Q
  • What type of acini is shown in the following image
A
  • Mucoserous
  • Yellow arrows pointing to serous demilune
  • Black arrows pointing to mucous cells
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16
Q
  • Key features of parotid/serous glands?
  • What cranial nerve passes through here?
  • What structure can these glands commonly be confused with?
A
  • Serous glands only
    • ​Pyramidal cells with a basally located nucleus
    • Prominent RER in basal region
    • Secretory granules visible in apical region
  • Large amounts of adipose tissue pass through
  • CN VII
  • Pancreas
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17
Q
  • Key features of sublingual glands
A
  • Mixed gland, predominantly mucous
  • Lacks a defined capsule but divided by CT into small lobules
  • Intercalated and striated ducts are poorly developed (sublingual-intercalated and striated ducts are sub-par)
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18
Q
  • Key features of submandibular glands
A
  • Serous cells predominant
  • Mucous cells surrounded by serous demilune
  • Myoepethelial cells control secretions
  • Intercalated ducts are shorter and striated ducts are longer
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19
Q
  • Identify the type of gland shown below
A

Parotid/serous

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20
Q
  • Identify the type of gland shown below
A

Submandibular

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21
Q
  • Identify the type of gland shown below
A
  • Parotid/serous
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22
Q
  • Identify the type of gland shown below
Study These Flashcards
A
  • Parotid/serous
23
Q
  • Identify the type of gland shown below
24
Q
  • Identify the type of gland shown below
Study These Flashcards
A
  • Submandibular
25
* Identify the type of gland shown below
* Sublingual
26
* Functions of the **endocrine** portion of the pancreas * Functions of the **exocrine** portion of the pancreas * Which portion of the pancreas is larger
* **Endocrine** * **​**Secrete hormones into blood * Regulates glucose, lipid, protein metabolism * **Exocrine** * **​**Secreted enzymes essential for digestion in the SI * Secretes zymogens * Exocrine
27
* What is considered the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas? * What types of cells are present here and what is their function?
* Serous acinus * Pancreatic acinar cells * Secrete zymogens
28
* Centroacinar cells are _ inside the acinus and are continuous with the _ epithelium of the intecalated duct * Function of centroacinar cells
* duct cells, simple cuboidal * Secrete: * HCO3- * Na+ * H2O * Alkaline secretions
29
* **Hallmarks of the pancreas**
* **Acinar cells stain intensely** * **Centroacinar cells stain lightly**
30
* What tissue is shown in the following image
* Pancreas
31
* **Characteristics of pancreatic acinar cells**
* Well developed RER * Prominent Golgi Apparatus * Apical domain of zymogen granules (contain 20 different pancreatic proenzymes) * Tripsinogen,chymotrypsinogen-digest proteins * Amololytic enzymes-digest carbohydrates * Lipases-digest lipids * Deoxyribonucleases, ribonucleases-digest nucleic acids * Increase in proteases with protein rich diet * Increase in amylases with carbohydrate rich diet
32
* Pancreatitis
* Premature activation of pancreatic enzymes-results in autodigestion of the pancreatic glands (**trypsinogen-trypsin is most common**) * Acute pancreatitis * Trauma, heavy meals, excessive alcohol ingestion or biliary tract disease * Chronic pancreatitis * Alcoholism is major cause * Fibrosis and partial/total destruction of pancreatic tissue
33
* Liver hepatocytes are organized into _ rather than true acini
* Cords
34
* Main blood supply to liver * Both supplies mix with _ of the lobules which converge at \_ * Blood and bile flow in _ directions
* 75-80% hepatic portal vein * 20-25% hepatic artery * Sinusoids, central venule * Opposite
35
* Key features of hepatocytes
* Numerous peroxisomes and lysosomes * Extensive sER * Large Golgi * Large, polygonal * Multinucleated
36
* Hepatocytes secrete bile that drains into _ located between adjacent hepatocytes * These join to contribute to the \_
* Bile canalliculi * Biliary tree
37
* Hepatocyte plates are 1 cell thick and are separated by anastamosing \_ * _ collects blood from the sinusoids * _ are positioned at angles of the hexagon and loose CT houses their \_
* sinusoids * Terminal hepatic venule/central vein * Portal areas/Portal Canals, Portal Triad (Hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct)
38
\_ **separate hepatocyte plates from the blood sinusoidal space and serve as a site for material exchange (found between basal surfaces of hepatocytes and endothelial cells/Kupffer cells lining the sinusoids-microvilli project from basal surface of hepatocytes here to increase surface area)** ## Footnote **\_ is located between stromal CT and hepatocytes amnd collects excess fluid from the space of Disse**
* Perisinusoidal Space of Disse * Periportal Space (Space of Mall)
39
* Hepatic sinusoids are lined with a discontinuous endothelium and discontinuous basal lamina * They contain large _ without diaprhagms and have large gaps between neighboring cells * What types of cells are present in the hepatic sinusoids and what are their functions?
* fenestra * Kuppfer (distinguisher of hepatic sinusoids) * Macrophages that detect and phagocytose erythrocytes
40
* EMBRYO! * What germ layer are Kupffer cells of the liver derived from?
* Mesoderm (monocyte derived)
41
* What is shown in the following image?
* Bile canalliculi
42
* How do you identify a portal lobule?
* Identify a portal triad and draw imaginary lines between three central veins surrounding it * **Outlines bile drainage pathway from adjacent lobules into same bile duct**
43
* **Liver acinus** * **Congestive heart failure affects which zone most?**
* Diamond shape * Hepatocytes are arranged in concentric zones around a short axis * Based on [O2] gradient along sinusoids of adjacent lobules * Cells w/in each zone have different metabolic functions and distribution of hepatic enzymes * Zone 3
44
* Which zone of a liver acinus is most exposed to O2 and Toxins
1
45
* ***_Hereditary hemochromatosis_***
* Increased iron absorption and accumulation in lysosomal hepatocytes * Complications can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer
46
* ***_Wilson's Disease_***
* Hereditary * Issues with Copper metabolism * Excessive Copper in liver and brain lysosomes * Chronic hepatitis and chronic liver disease as result
47
* ***Chronic Liver Disease***
* Perisinusoidal cells remain in nonproliferative state * Can proliferate when activated by Kupffer cells and hepatocytes * Leads to fibrosis and inflammatory cells (lymphocyes and macrophages) in distorted portal space
48
* **Long term consumption of alcohol can lead to:**
* Fatty liver (reversible if alcohol use discontinued) * **Steatohepatitis**-fatty liver with inflammatory reaction * **Cirrhosis**-collagen proliferation or fibrosis
49
* **Hepatitis** * Acute versus chronic * What viruses can cause hepatitis
* Inflammatory condition due to viruses, bacteria, or parasites * Acute-loss of apetite, NV, jaundice * Chronic-fibrosis, hepatocyte necrosis and inflammatory lymphocytic activity * Hepatitis A, B, and C viruses * HAV: ingestion of contaminated food/water * HBV: Sexual contact, blood/serum tranfer thru shared needles in drug abusers (develops into chronic in 10%) * HCV: Blood transfusions (50-70% develop chronic)
50
* Histological features of the gallbladder
* Highly folded mucosa with simple columnar epithelium overlying lamina propria * Muscularis with bundles of muscle fibers oriented in all directions (help with emptying) * **External adventitia whre it is against the liver but serosa where it is exposed to the peritoneal cavity**
51
* **Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses**
* Deep diverticula of muscularis externa that may extend thru muscularis externa * **Develop as a result of herniation and hyperplasia of eputhelial cells thru the muscularis externa** * **Bacteria can accumulate-inflammation, increased risk for cholelithiasis**
52
* Identify the tissue shown below
Gallbladder 1. Lamina propria (mucosa) 2. Muscularis externa 3. Adventitia (surrounded by liver)
53
* Identify the tissue shown below
1. Mucosa 2. Muscularis externa 3. Adventitia Gallbladder shown

GI Exam 2 (14 decks)

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