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Unit 8 > Histology of glands lecture > Flashcards

Histology of glands lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of tissue are glands made from?

A

Epithelial tissue

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2
Q

What are the two categories of glands?

A

Endocrine
Exocrine

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3
Q

What are the key features of endocrine glands?

A

Secretions are typically directly into the blood (hormones)
Generally have no ducts
Regulate bodily functions

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4
Q

What are the key features of exocrine glands?

A

Release substances directly onto an epithelial surface (unicellular) or use a system of ducts to indirectly release onto an epithelial surface (Multicellular)

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5
Q

What type of tissue typically surrounds gland ducts?

A

They invaginate into connective tissue

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6
Q

What are some examples of endocrine glands?

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Parathyroid
Thyroid
Adrenal
pancrease (component of)

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7
Q

What is the location of the thyroid gland?

A

Loacted on the anterior neck
Seperated into right and left lobes connected by an isthmus

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8
Q

Describe the histological arrangement of a thyroid gland?

A

Follicular cells are simple cuboidal, these arrange themselves to form many follicles
Follicles contain colloid
Each follicle is surrounded by reticular fibres
Parafollicular cells are found peripherally in the basal lamina or between follicles
numerous capillaries are found surrounding the follicles
The gland is divided into lobules by connective tissue septa

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9
Q

In relation to the thyroid gland what is colloid?

A

Colloid is made of throglobulin
This is an inactive version of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Is mainly iodinated glycoportein so stains eosinophilic

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10
Q

What is the role of parafollicular cells in the thyroid?

A

Also called C-cells
Secrete calcitonin in response to high blood calcium causes Ca2+ to move from the blood into the bone.

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11
Q

What control the pituitary gland?

A

The hypothalamus

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12
Q

What is the origin of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Oringates from a neural downgrowth from the hypothalamus, to which is joints by the pituitary stalk.

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13
Q

What is the origin of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Originates from epithelial (ectoderm) upgrowth from the roof of the oral cavity, known as rathke pouch

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14
Q

What are the two different embryonic origins of the pituitary gland?
What section does each origin become?

A

Adenohypophysis - pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia
Neurohypophysis - pars nervosa and infundibulum/pituitary stalk.

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15
Q

What makes up the posterior pituitary gland?

A

The pars nervosa
The pituitary stalk
The pars intermedia

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16
Q

What makes up the anterior pituitary gland?

A

The pars disatalis
the pars tuberalis

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17
Q

What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract?

A

White matter tract (axons) from nuclei in the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland.
Supraoptic nuclei
Paraventricular nuclei

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18
Q

What is the function of pars distalis in the pituitary gland?

A

95% of the adenohypophysis
Forms the anterior wall of rathkes pouch

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19
Q

What is the role of pars intermedia in the pituitary gland?

A

Forms part of the posterior wall of rathke’s pouch (rest by pars nervosa)

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20
Q

What is the function of pars tuberalis in the pituitary gland?

A

Forms a collar of cells around the pituitary stalk

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21
Q

What is the remnant of rathkes pouch in the pituitary gland?

A

Part of the adenohypophysis
Shows that the pituitary gland grew upwards from the oral cavity ectoderm.
This seperates the pars intermedia from the rest of the adenohypophysis

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22
Q

How do the hypothalamux nuclei link to the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus contains the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus
Signals travel down the pituitary stalk in the hypothalamic pituitary tract into the pars nervosa (posterior pituitary gland) .
Hormones are synthesised and stored then more impulses from the hypothalamus cause their release.
This is neurosecretion

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23
Q

What is the function of the hypothalmic nuclei linked to the pituitary gland?

A

Paraventricular nuclei - synthesise ADH/ vasopresin
Supraoptic nuclei - synthesise oxytocin

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24
Q

When looking at a sagital histological section of the pituitary gland in situ what structures need to be considered?

A

Distinguish between the posterior and anterior (basophilic) pituitary gland.
Pituitary stalk
Identify the hypothalamus
The third ventricle ( behind the hypothalamus)
The optic chiasm (large circular structure)

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25
What is the name of the bony depression that the pituitary gland sits in?
THe sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
26
In regards to a histological image what is a key way to distinguish between the anterior and the posterior pituitary gland?
The posterior is more eosinophilis (lightly stained) The anterior is more acidophilic (darkly stained)
27
How are the different cell types distributed in the pituitary gland?
Pars distalis contains all five types The pars tuberalis contains gonadotropes only
28
What are the different cell types in the pituitary gland?
Sommatotrope Mammotrope Thyrotrope Gonadrotrope Adrenocortitrope
29
What cell types in the pituitary gland are acidophilic?
Sommatotrophe Mammotrope
30
Give an example of the hormone secrete by sommatotrope cells?
Growth Hormone
31
Give an example of the hormone secrete by mammotrope cells?
Prolactine
32
Give an example of the hormone secrete by thyrotrope cells?
Thyroid stimulating hormone
33
Give an example of the hormone secrete by gonadotrope cells?
FSH and LH
34
Give an example of the hormone secrete by adrenocorticotrope cells?
ACTH
35
Explain how hormones are stored and released in the posterior pituitary gland?
Hormones accumulate in unmyelinated axons (extend from hypothalamus) called Herring bodies When needs are released into fenestrated capillaries in surrounding pars nervosa
36
How is the release of hormones from the pituitary gland controlled?
By negative feedback mechanism that communicate with the hypothalamus
37
Where are the adrenal glands located?
Superior pole of each kidney Surrounded by adipose tissue
38
How are the adrenal glands structured?
Surrounded by a dense irregular connective tissue capsule Outer cortex -zona glomerulosa -zona fasiculata -zone reticularis inner medulla
39
What cell type makes up the cortex of the adrenal gland?
Steroid secreting cells
40
What cell type makes up the medulla of the adrenal gland?
Chromaffin cells (sympathetic cells derived from neural crest cells)
41
What are the key features of the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex?
Immediatly deep to the capsule Cells in round clusters Secrete mineralcorticoids such as aldosterone
42
What are the key features of the zona fasiculata in the cortex of the adrenal gland?
Middle layer Largest zone Cells arranged in parallel rows Secretes glucocorticoids and androgens
43
What is the location, cell type and hormones secreted by the zona reticularis in the adrenal cortex?
Deepest layer of the adrenal cortex Cells are arranged as anastomosing cords Secretes glucorticoids and androgens
44
What is the key way to distinguish between the different histological layers of the adrenal cortex?
Zona glomerulosa (means knot), cells are is circular clumps Zona fasciculata - parallel row arrangement of cells, longest section Zona reticularis - (net like) anastamosing cells with an empty centre. Note zona reticularis is basophilic.
45
What are the different glandular functions of the pancreas?
Exocrine portion - alkaline secretions containing digestive enymes that empty into duodenum including proteases, carbohydrases and lipases Endocrine portion - secretes insulin, glucagon and somatostatin that regulate blood glucose levels.
46
What structure do pancreatic ducts open into?
The duodenum
47
How does the cell type vary between the pancrease endocrine and exocrine ducts?
Endocrine - islet of langerhans Exocrine - acinus cells
48
What is the function of islet of langerhans cell types?
Clumped masses of endocrine cells in the pancrease Alpha cells - secrete glucagon Beta cells - secrete insulin (this is the main cell type) delta cells - secrete somatostatin Away in a manjor, back off
49
What is the role of somatostatin?
Inhibits insuling, glucagon and somatotropin hormone
50
What are the tips for distnguishing between exocrine and endocrine pancreas tissue?
Pancreas is 95% exocrine Endocrine is mainly located in clusters of cells
51
Describe the structure of the pancreatic exocrine gland.
Secretory unit - pancreatic acini made of centroacinar cells Channel into small intralobular (intercalated) ducts Then large intralobular ducts Then the interlobular duct Then the main duct
52
Describe how the epithelial cell type changes along the pancreatic duct
Small intralobular (intercalated ducts) are simple sqaumous Large intralobular are simple cuboidal Interlobular are simple columnar Main ducts are stratified columnar.
53
What type of duct will the pancreas be classified as?
compound acinar gland
54
What part of the pancrease duct is responsible for secreting HCO3?
Small intralobular or intercalated ducts Made from simple cuboidal epithelium
55
What is the function of mineralcorticoids?
Stimulate renal absoprtion of water and sodium ions Secretion of K+ ions To maintain salt balance (less important)
56
What is the function of glucocorticoids?
Influence carbohydrate matabolism Suppress immune activites
57
What is the function of PP cells?
Are pancreatic endocrine cell Secrete pancreatic polypeptide Inhibits the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and HCO3-
58
What are the key endocrine cells in the parathyroid gland? What do they do?
Chief cells Secrete parathyroid hormone in response to low blood calcium Stimulate osteoclast activity to move calcium ion from bone to blood Also secrets calcitonin
59
What is the classification system of exocrine ducts?
Unicellular Multicellular Multicellular are then acini or tubule depending on their shape Then compound or simple based on the configuration.
60
What is the key difference between an acinus and a duct?
Acinus is secretory portion Duct is the conducting portion Both are part of a exocrine gland
61
List the different types of simple glands
Simple tubular Simple coiled tubular Simple branches tubular Simple alveolar (acinar) Simple branched alveolar
62
List the different types of compound glands.
Compound tubular Compound alveolar Compound tubuloaveolar
63
What are the three different types of secretions and how are they different?
Merocrine - vescile release Apopcrine - vesciel released within part of cell Holocrine - vesciles are released within the entire cell
64
What are the two different types of duct systems that can be found in the salivary gland? How are they different?
Serous acinus - watery secretion, inlcudes proteins such as digestive enzymes Mucous acinus - thicker mucus secretion
65
What is meant by a mixed salivary gland? What are their key features?
Contains both serous acinus and mucous acinus Serous demilunes are often found ontop of mucous acinus This is found in the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
66
What is the function of myoepithelial cells related to glands?
Contract to release the secretion from the acini into the duct
67
How can you distnguish between serous acinus and mucous acinus cells in salivary glands?
Serous have a round basolaterally located nucleus Mucuous acinus have a flat basally located nucleus, cells are typically white as filled with secretions.
68
What divies glands into lobes and lobules?
Connective tissue septa
69
What surrounds all glands?
A connective tissue capsule
70
Describe the organisation of salivary ducts
Mucus acinus and serous acinus make up the secretory portion These will empty into intercalated ducts Then into striated ducts Then into interlobular ducts Then into lobar ducts
71
What makes up the intralobular ducts of the slavary glands?
The intercalated ducts The striated ducts
72
What is the cell type transition in the ducts of the salivary glands?
Intercalated ducts - simple squamous Striated ducts - simple cuboidal Interlobular ducts - simple columnar Lobar duct - stratified columnar
73
What is the classification of the parotid salivary gland? What are its key features?
Compund tubloacinar glands Exclusively serous secretions Has irregular collagenous connective tissue capsule and septa that divide into lobules Serous cells secrete alpha amylase
74
Draw a diagram to show the histological representation of the thyroid gland
75
Identify the type of gland and it’s key features
Thyroid gland Follicular cells are C Colloid b Blood vessel A Stroma white area
76
Identify the gland and it’s key features
Pituitary gland Posterior pituitary 1 Anterior pituitary 2 Pituitary stalk 3 Hypothalamus Third ventricle Optic chiasm
77
Identify the gland and it’s key features
Anterior pituitary gland darker Posterior pituitary gland light 3 blood vessel Capsule
78
What feature of the pituitary gland is highlighted by the arrow?
Herring bodies Store hormone in the posterior pituitary gland before release
79
What are the features of the submandibular salivary glands?
Mixed ducts so serous, mucus and serous demilunes opens onto floor of mouth
80
How can you distinguish between the medulla and the cortex of the adrenal gland?
Medullar is deep Found after the darkest ring (which is the final zone of the cortex the zona reticularis)
81
Identify the features of the pancreas
1 endocrine islets of Langerhans 2 exocrine acinar cells 3 capsule
82
Label the key features of the pancreatic duct
1 pancreatic acini Centroacinar cells Small intralobular duct or intercalated duct Large intralobular duct Inter lobular duct Main duct
83
Which salivary gland is this most likely taken from? Why?
Parotid salivary gland Purely serous acini as only round nasally located nuclei
84
What salivary gland is this? Why? What key features can you identify?
1. Ducts 2. Serous acini 3. Connective tissue septa Is a parotid gland, only serous acini shows as eosinophilic no large mucus white stained mucus acini
85
What salivary gland is this? Why? What key features can you identify?
Submandibular or sublingual 1 striated duct 2. Mucous acini 3. Serous acini 4. Serous demilunes
86
What do ducts tend to look like under histological imaging?
Columnar cells ( larger than acini) More white than acini Central rounder located nucleus rather than a basal located nuclei Tend to have a central lumen between cells. Larger than acini
87
Label the sections if the salivary duct
1 serous or mucous acini 2 intercalated ducts 3 striated ducts 4 Inter lobular ducts 5 main duct
88
What are the different cell types of the different sections of the salivary ducts?
Intercalated ducts are simple squamous Striated ducts are simple cuboidal Inter lobular ducts are simple columnar Lobular are stratified columnar
89
What are the different cell types of the pancreatic glands?
Small intralobular or intercalated are simple sqaoumous Large intralobular are simple cuboidal Inter lobular are simple columnar Main ducts are striated columnar
90
What is the classification of the salivary ducts?
Compound tubuloalveolar ducts
91
What type of salivary gland is this? What are the key features of it?
Submandibular salivary gland Intercalated ducts Mucous acini Serous demilunes Serous acini
92
Identify the different layers of the adrenal glands
Capsule Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculada Zona reticulada Medulla Cortex
93
Identify the key features of the pancreas
Inner pink area is the islet of Langerhans endocrine pancreas Surrounding red area is the exocrine pancreas acini
94
How can you distinguish between the different cell types in the islet and Langerhans
Beta insulin’s producing cells stain blue!black Alpha Glucagon producing cells stain red
95
When shown an islet of Langerhans what is a good way to distinguish between the alpha and beta cells?
Beta cells (insulin producing) make up the majority so will be in greater numbers
96
What is a sheet gland?
Many unicellular gland next to each other on an epithelial surface E.g stomach mucus secreting
97
What are the features of a compound acinar gland?
Branching ducts in blue Acini cells in the purple circle Acini lumen in green arrow Lobules in the oval
98
What are the features of a compound tubuloaveolar duct?
Have acini (purple sphere) and tubule (light purple) secretory units Has lobules (blue spheres) And branching ducts blue arrows
99
Identify the gland and the different ducts it contains
Parotid salivary gland
100
Identify the gland and the ducts it contain
Parotid gland Striated and intercalated disk

Unit 8 (22 decks)

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