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Microanatomy and Embryology > Histology of peripheral and nervous system > Flashcards

Histology of peripheral and nervous system Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Autonomic

Function and components

A
  • Involuntary motor innervation to smooth muscle, glands, viscera
  • Involuntary sensory from viscera
  • Unmyelinated fibers (some nerves can be myelinated)
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2
Q

Somatic

Function and components

A
  • Sensory and motor innervation
  • Myelinated fibers

(myelinated nerves moves faster)

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3
Q

Categories of neurons

A

sensory

motor

interneurons

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4
Q

Types of Sensory neurons

A

somatic afferent

visceral afferent

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5
Q

Types of motor neurons

A

somatic efferent

visceral efferent

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6
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

One axon; two or more dendrites

Motor and interneurons

Found in ventral horn

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7
Q

Biopolar neurons

A

One axon, one dendrite

Retina and ganglia of CN VIII

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8
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

One axon

Sensory neurons

Dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerve ganglia

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9
Q

characteristics of neuron cell body

A

– Euchromatic nucleus

– Perinuclear cytoplasm

  • Abundant rER and free ribosomes
    • Ribosomal content appears as Nissl bodies in light microscope
  • Numerous mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, neurofilaments, and transport vesicles

– Axon hillock

  • Free of cytoplasmic organelles
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10
Q

Characteristics of Dendrites

A
  • Receive info and convey to cell body
  • Greater diameter than axons
  • Unmyelinated
  • Form extensive arborizations called dendritic trees
  • Cytoplasm of dendrites is similar to that of the neuron cell body
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11
Q

Characteristics of Axons

A
  • Convey info away from cell body
  • Only one axon/nerve
  • Originates from the axon hillock
  • Contain microtubules, neurofilaments, mitochondria and vesicles
  • Myelinated
  • Initial segment is where action potential is generated
  • Carries action potentials to dendrites, cell bodies or axons
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12
Q

Function of synapses

A

Facilitate transmission of impulses from:

  • Presynaptic to postsynaptic neurons
  • Axons to effector cells (muscle and glands)
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13
Q

What is a terminal bouton

A

terminal branch of axon

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14
Q

Categories of Synapses

A

Axodendritic (b)

  • Axons and dendrites

Axosomatic (a)

  • Axons and cell body

Axoaxonic (c)

  • Axons and axons
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15
Q

Types of synapses

(based on the signal used)

A

Chemical: Neurotransmitters

Electrical: Ion (cardiac and smooth muscle)

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16
Q

Components of chemical synapses

A

Presynaptic knob

  • Synaptic vesicles which contain the neurotransmitters

Synaptic cleft

  • Space that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

Postsynaptic membrane

  • Contains receptor sites for the neurotransmitter
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17
Q

Types of axonal transport

A

Anterograde

retrograde

slow

fast

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18
Q

Anterograde transport

A

Carries materials from the cell body to the periphery

Kinesin is motor protein used

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19
Q

Retrograde transport

A

Carries materials from the axon terminals and dendrites to the cell body

Dynein is motor protein used here

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20
Q

Slow transport

Study These Flashcards
A

From cell body to terminal bouton (0.2-4mm/day)

Only anterograde system

21
Q

Fast transport

Study These Flashcards
A

Rate of 20-400mm/day

Both anterograde and retrograde

22
Q

Neuroglia of CNS

Study These Flashcards
A

Oligodendrocyte

Astrocyte

Microglia

Ependymal cells

23
Q

Function of Oligodendrocytes

Study These Flashcards
A

form and maintain myelin

myelinate one or several axons

24
Q

Function of astrocytes

Study These Flashcards
A

Physical and metabolic support for neurons

Cover “bare areas” of myelinated axons

Maintain tight junctions of capillaries forming blood-brain barrier

Protoplasmic (gray matter) and fibrous (white matter)

Both types of astrocytes are identified via GFAP

25
Function of microglia
Phagocytic cells Originate from bone marrow monocyte precursors
26
Function of Ependymal cells
Line ventricles of the brain and prosuce cerebrospinal fluid
27
Peripheral nervous system What is it, what is the function
Collection of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue Carry sensory and motor info
28
PCS cell body categories
**Motor cell bodies** * Located in CNS (brain, brainstem and spinal cord) **Sensory cell bodies** * Located within or outside of the CNS in peripheral ganglia * Dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerve * Cranial nerve ganglia * Autonomic nerve ganglia
29
Endoneurium
Innermost PNS tissue ## Footnote Connective tissue surrounding individual nerve fibers Bind fibers together into a bundle or fascicle Schwann cells found here
30
Perineurium
Connective tissue surrounding nerve bundles Contributes to formation of a nerve-blood barrier Squamous, contractile cells found here
31
Epineurium
outermost PNS tissue Dense connective tissue surrounding nerve bundles blood vessels travel in this layer
32
Neuroglia of PNS
Schwann cells Satellite cells
33
Function of Schwann cells
Produce myelin sheath (80% lipids) * Ensure rapid conduction of nerve impulses * Junctions between two adjacent Schwann cells are Nodes of Ranvier * saltatory conduction
34
function of satellite cells
Support cells for neuron cell bodies of ganglia Provide electrical insulation and promote metabolic exchange Usually nuclei is only visible in H&E images
35
what determines the thickness of myelin sheath of the PNS
the diameter of the axon
36
Steps of the myelination in the PNS
Develops from compacted layers of Schwann cell mesaxon * Cytoplasm is squeezed from between the membrane of the concentric layers of the Schwann cell * Inner collar of Schwann membrane is next to the axonal plasma membrane * Outer collar of Schwann cell membrane contains most organells of schwann cell
37
Diseases that cause demyelination
Guillian-Barre Multiple sclerosis
38
Characteristics of Guillain-Barre
Autoimmune disorder **Effects the PNS** Large segments of the myelin sheath are damaged Muscle paralysis, loss of muscle coordination, and loss of cutaneous sensation
39
Characteristics of multiple sclerosis
Autoimmune disorder Effects the CNS Myelin and oligodendrocytes are damaged Plaques are apparent in white matter of CNS Symptoms depend on region of CNS effected
40
Autonomic nervous system Function and Categories
Conduct impulses to smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscles Categories * Sympathetic * Parasympathetic * Enteric
41
Sympathetic ANS function and location
Responsible for fight or flight response Neurons in thorax and lumbar regions (paravertebral) and abdominal (prevertebral) regions
42
Parasympathetic function and location
counterbalances the action of the sympathetic nerves Neurons in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord
43
Enteric ANS function and location
Neurons found in the wall of the gut Controls motility, exocrine and endocrine secretions and blood flow in the gut
44
Neuronal degeneration
Axon degenerated distal to injury (Wallerian degeneration) Axons and myelin sheath fragment. Removed by Schwann cells (PNS) and microglial (CNS) Loss of Nissl substance (chromatolysis) in cell body
45
Neuronal Scar formation
Occur between parts of severed nerve * Connective tissue and Schwann cells in the PNS * Glial cells in the CNS
46
Neuronal Regeneration
Schwann cells help bridge the gap in a severed nerve * Form tubes which guide regenerating nerve sprouts
47
Gray matter in the spinal cord is found in
Ventral and dorsal horn
48
white matter in the spinal cord is found in
ascending and descending spinal cord tracts

Microanatomy and Embryology (8 decks)

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