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circ-histology and embryology > histology of respiratory > Flashcards

histology of respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

air passage consist of 2 portions

A

conducting portion: air passages, warming the air
respiratory portion: gas exchange occurs

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2
Q

respiratory zone composed of ____

A

respiratory bronchioles, alvelolar duct, alveolar sac, alveolus

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3
Q

airway mucous is produced by .

A

goblet
clara
mucous-secreting (submucosal) glands

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4
Q

respiratory region of nasal cavity is lined by ____ which is ____

A

respiratory mucosa
ciliated pseudostratifed columnar epithelium + lamina propria

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5
Q

functions of conchae of nose

A

increase surface area for warming
turbulance causes particles to be trapped by mucous

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6
Q

cells of respiratory epihelium

A

ciliated cells
goblet cells
brush cell
small granule (Kulchistsky cells)
basal cells

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7
Q

lamina propria of respiratory mucosa has ___

A

rich vascular network of capillary loops to warm air
mucous glands

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8
Q

olfactory mucosa is ____ of color, and lamina propria is attached to ____

A

light-brownish
periosteum

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9
Q

olfactory epithelium is ____, the 4 cell types are _____

A

pseudostratified
olfactory receptor cell
supporting cell
brush cell
basal cell

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10
Q

olfactory epithelium

supporting cell

A

numerous microvilli
lipofuscine granules
adherent junctions
secrete odor-binding-protein (OBP)

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11
Q

olfactory epithelium

brush cell

A

large blunt microvilli
synaptic contact with terminal branches of trigeminal nerve (CN5)

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12
Q

olfactory epithelium

basal cell

A

small rounded cell
nucleus close to basal lamina
stem cell

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13
Q

olfactory epithelium

olfactory receptor cell

A

bipolar
dendritic process
olfactory vesicle
unmyelinated axons form bundles to olfactory bulb

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14
Q

collections of axo form olfactory nerve (CN1). Axons are very fragile and damage can lead to ___

A

anosmia (loss of smell sensation)

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15
Q

olfactory transduction pathway

A
  1. inhaled odorant molecules ind to odorant binding protein
  2. olfactory receptors are activatd
  3. cAMP –> Na+ influx
  4. action potential
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16
Q

olfactory mucosa

lamina propria identifying features

A

nerves
olfactory glands (Bowman’s gland)

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17
Q

olfactory glands

A

tubuloalveolar serous gland
duct open to surfacee
lipofuscine granules : trap and solvent for odorants

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18
Q

olfactory mucosa

group of unmyelinated axons form nerve fascicles called ____

A

olfactory fila

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19
Q

diffuse lymphatic tissue and nodules in pharynx are _____

A

pharyngeal tonsil

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20
Q

main function of larynx

A

produce sound
close trachea during swallowing

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21
Q

larynx

stratified squamous epithelium is found on

A

luminal surface of true vocal cords
free edge of false vocal cords
lingual surface of epiglottis

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22
Q

larynx

in all of the smokers and most of the non-smokers respiratory epithelium has ____

A

patches of squamous epithelium

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23
Q

true vocal cord layers of tissue

A

stratified squamous epithelium
lamina propria:
-vocal ligament: elastic and collagen fibers
vocalis muscle

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24
Q

____ is the gross anatomic unit of the lung that can be removed surgically

A

bronchopulmonary segment

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25
Q

4 definable layers of trachea

A

mucosa
submucosa
cartilaginous layer
adventitia

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26
Q

principal cell types of tracheal epithelium

A

ciliated columnar cells
mucous (goblet) cells
basal cells

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27
Q

ciliated columnar cell

A

extend thourgh full thickness
ciliary basal bodies form a dark line
provide coordinating sweeping motion

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28
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

coordinated sweeping motion of ciliary cell
protective for removing small inhaled particles from the lungs

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29
Q

goblet cells

A

extend through full thickness
accumulate mucinogen granules: clear area in H&E
number increases during chronic irritation

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30
Q

airway mucous has 2 layers

A

periciliary layer
mucous gel on top of periciliary

31
Q

mucous composition

A

97% water
3% solids: mucins, non-mucins protein, salts, lipis, and cellular debris

32
Q

brush cell

A

columnar cells with blunt microvilli
basal surface synaptic contact with afferent nerve
–> regared as receptor cell

33
Q

synaptic contact between brush cell and afferent nerve is called

A

epitheliodendritic synapse

34
Q

small granule (kulchitsky cell)

A

respiratory form of enteroendocrine cell of DNES
source of bronchial carcinoid tumor

35
Q

____ show that lung develops from an evagination of the primitive foregut

A

small granule cell

36
Q

dense-core granules of small granule cell contain

A

catecholamine, serotonin, calcitonin, gastrin-releasing peptide, ACTH, ADH

37
Q

____ of basement membrane is thicker in smokers

A

reticular lamina

38
Q

trachea

bronchus associated lymphatic tissue (BALT) is inside the ___

A

lamina propria

39
Q

submucosa of trachea

A

relatively loose connective tissue
diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules

40
Q

trachea

submucosal glands

A

mucous-secreting acini and serous demilunes
large glycoprotein

41
Q

trachea

cartilage layer

A

16-20 rings of C-shaped cartialge
seperate submucosa from adventitia
prevent collapse of airway

42
Q

trachea

adventitia

A

peripheral to cartilage rings and trachealis muscle
has largest blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

43
Q

in bronchi, instead of cartilage rings there are ____

A

cartilage plates
-irregular shapes
-distributed in linear array

44
Q

____ forms a complete circumferential layer in bronchi.

A

smooth muscle

45
Q

layers of wall of bronchus

A

1.mucosa
2.muscularis
3.submucosa
4.cartilage layer
5.adventitia

46
Q

bronchus

there is ____ epithelium in bronchus. The thickness/height _____

A

pseudostrafied
decrease as bronchi decrease in diameter

47
Q

bronchus

muscularis has a ____ smooth muscle in larger bronchi and ____ in smaller bronchi

A

continous
loosely organized

48
Q

____ is found in large bronchi inside submucosa

A

adipose tissue

49
Q

pulmonary lobule

A

terminal bronchiole and the associated pulmonary tissue (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveoli)

50
Q

pulmonary acinus

A

unit of gas exchange
supplied by respiratory bronchiole

51
Q

bronchioles –> ____ –> ____

A

terminal bronchiole —> respiratory bronchiole

52
Q

____ and ____ are not present in bronchioles

A

cartilage plate and glands

53
Q

____ are present in largest bronchioles and not present in terminal bronchioles (except smoker)

A

Goblet cells

54
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium gradually transforms into ____ going from bronchiole to terminal bronchiole

A

simple ciliated columnar epithelium

55
Q

terminal bronchiole lined by ____ and has ____ different from other tissues.

A

ciliated cuboidal epithelium
club/clara cells

56
Q

club cells

A

non-ciliated: rounded/dome-shaped
secretes
-surface active agent: lipoprotein preventing luminal adhesion
-mucin
-clara cell secretory protein (CC16)

57
Q

respiratory bronchiole is lined by ____
____ extend from the lumen of the respiratory bronchioles

A

cuboidal epithelium
alveoli

58
Q

____ are present in terminal and respiratory bronchioles and important for airway collapse

A

elastic fibers

59
Q

_____ bulge into lument forming knobs beginning with respiratory bronchioles.

A

smooth muscle bundles

60
Q

alveolar duct

A

elongated airways with almost no walls, only alveoli
konbs are lined by alveolar epithelium

61
Q

alveolar sac

A

spaces surrounded by cluster of alveoli
usually termination of an alveolar duct

62
Q

each alveoli is seperated from one another by ___

A

thin connective tissue : alveolar septum
contain blood capillary

63
Q

alveolar epithelium

A

Type I cells
Type II cells
very few brush cells for air quality

64
Q

type I alveolar cells

A

thin squamous cells
occluding junctions –> effective barrier between air space and the components of the septal wall
not capable of cell divison

65
Q

type II alveolar cells

A

secretory cells : lamellar bodies
-rich in phospholipids, neutral lipids, and proteins forming surfactant
cuboidal cell
progenitor for type I and II

66
Q

most critical agent of surfactant

A

phospholipid called
dipalmitoylphophatidylcholine (DPPC)

67
Q

surfactant synthesis starts at ____ in the fetus.
Premature infants have a risk of building _____

A

35th week
neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS): hyaline membrane disease

68
Q

air-blood barrier

A

surfactant
type I epithelial cell
basal lamina
capillary endothelial cell

69
Q

air-blood barrier is also called

A

respiratory membrane

70
Q

____ remove inhaled particles and RBC from septum.

A

alveolar macrophages

71
Q

alveolar macrophages are also called ____

A

dust cells

72
Q

bronchopulmonary diseases

A

emohysema: broken alveolar walls
pneumonia: infiltration of WBC in the lung tissue

73
Q

pleura is composed of ____ cells and thin connective tissue containing ____

A

simple squamous mesothelial cells
collagen and elastic fibers

circ-histology and embryology (7 decks)

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