Histology of Respiratory System

Question 1

What is the conduction portion

Answer 1

Air passages that lead to sites of respiration within the lung where gas exchange takes place

Question 2

What structures are part of the conduction system

Answer 2

Nasal cavities
Nasopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary bronchi

Question 3

What is the respiratory portion

Answer 3

Where gas exchange occurs

Question 4

What structures make up the respiratory portion

Answer 4

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

Question 5

Components included in the conducting system

Answer 5

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Mucous and serous glands
Cartilage
Smooth muscle
Adventitia

Question 6

What epithelium does respiratory mucosa contain

Answer 6

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 7

What five cells does the respiratory region of the nasal cavity consist of

Answer 7

Ciliated cells
Goblet cells
Brush cells
Small granule cells
Basal cells

Question 8

What are ciliated cells

Answer 8

Tall columnar cells with cilia that project into the mucus covering the epithelial surface

Question 9

What do goblet cells do

Answer 9

Synthesise and secrete mucus

Question 10

What are brush cells

Answer 10

General name for cells in the respiratory tract that bear short, blunt microvilli

Question 11

What are small granule cells

Answer 11

Resemble basal cells but contain secretory granules; endocrine cells of DNES

Question 12

What are Basal cells

Answer 12

lie on basement membrane; stem cells from which other cells arise

Question 13

What is the lamina propria attached to in the respiratory region of nasal cavity

Answer 13

Periosteum and perichondrium of adjacent bone/cartilage

Question 14

What is the olfactory region of nasal cavity lined with

Answer 14

Specialised olfactory mucosa

Question 15

What epithelium does the olfactory region of nasal cavity have

Answer 15

pseudostratified epithelium

Question 16

What cells do olfactory region of nasal cavity

Answer 16

Olfactory receptor cells
Supporting cells
Basal cells
Brush cells

Question 17

What are olfactory receptor cells

Answer 17

bipolar olfactory neurons that span the thickness of the epithelium

Question 18

supporting cells

Answer 18

columnar cells that provide mechanical and metabolic support to ORC

Question 19

What is larynx formed by

Answer 19

Plates of both hyaline and elastic cartilage

Question 20

What two folds are formed from mucosa of the larynx

Answer 20

Upper folds - vestibular folds

Lower folds - vocal folds

Question 21

Difference between vestibular folds and vocal folds

Answer 21

Vestibular is immobile whereas vocal folds are mobile and play a role in phonation

Question 22

What is the luminal surface of the vocal cords covered with

Answer 22

Stratified squamous epithlium

Question 23

What is the remainder of larynx covered in

Answer 23

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 24

$ layers of the trachea

Answer 24

Mucosa
Submucosa
Cartilaginous layer
Adventitia

Question 25

What is the mucosa composed of

Answer 25

Composed of a ciliated pseudostratified epithelium and an elastic, fibre rich lamina propria

Question 26

What is the Submucosa composed of

Answer 26

Composed of a slightly denser connective tissue than the LP

Question 27

What is the cartilaginous layer

Answer 27

Composed of C-shaped hyaline cartilage

Question 28

What is the Adventitia composed of

Answer 28

Composed of connective tissue that binds trachea to adjacent structures

Question 29

What cells does the tracheal epithelium contain

Answer 29

``` Ciliated columnar cells Mucous cells (goblet cells) Basal cells Brush cells Small granule cells ```

Question 30

What is the identifying feature of the tracheal epithelium

Answer 30

Thick basement membrane

Question 31

What structural changes occurs when bronchi enters lungs

Answer 31

Cartilage rings replaced by irregular shaped cartilage plates Plates arranged linearly around the entire circumference of the bronchial wall Plates become smaller and less numerous as the bronchi decrease in size addition of smooth muscle to wall of bronchi

Question 32

What layers can you find in bronchial wall

Answer 32

``` Mucosa Muscularis Submucosa Cartilage layer Adventitia ```

Question 33

What epithelium do large bronchioles have

Answer 33

Ciliated pseudostratified/simple columnar epithelium

Question 34

What epithelium do small bronchioles have

Answer 34

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 35

What are club cells

Answer 35

non-ciliated, rounded/dome-shaped

Question 36

What is the first part of the bronchiole tree that allows gas exchange

Answer 36

Respiratory bronchioles

Question 37

What epithelium are respiratory bronchioles lined with

Answer 37

Cuboidal epithelium | ciliated and club cells both present in the epithelium

Question 38

How many alveoli is present in each adult lung

Answer 38

150-250 million alveoli

Question 39

What are alveolar sacs

Answer 39

spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli

Question 40

what is the tissue between adjacent alveolar air spaces called

Answer 40

interalveolar septum or septal wall

Question 41

What does the alveolus contain

Answer 41

Type I alveolar cells Type II alveolar cells Macrophages occasional brush cell

Question 42

What are type I alveolar cells

Answer 42

Extremely thin squamous cells Unable to divide Account for 40% of alveolar lining cells; line around 95% of the alveolar surface

Question 43

What are type II alveolar cells

Answer 43

Cuboidal cells interspaced among type I cells line only 5% of the alveolar surface Account for 60% of alveolar lining Act as progenitor cells for type I cells

Question 44

Function of macrophages in alveolus

Answer 44

Work in the air space of the alveolus | Remove debris and particles that have escaped mucus and cilia