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Structure & Function 4 > Histology of the Nervous system > Flashcards

Histology of the Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

nucleus of the neurone?

A

it is centrally located
spherical-ovoid shape
relatively euchromatic
prominent nucleolus

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2
Q

cytoplasm of neurone cells?

A

chromatophilic substance (Nissl substance)
rER
ribosomes
polyribosomes

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3
Q

neurone processes?

A

dendrites
axons

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4
Q

neurone functions?

A

sensory neurones
interneurons
motor neurons

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5
Q

sensory neurons?

A

afferent neurons that transmit changes in body to brain (senses)

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6
Q

interneurons?

A

lie between sensory and motor neurons
90% of neurons and interneurons
process, store and retrieve information

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7
Q

motor neurons?

A

efferent neurons that send signals out to muscles and glands

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8
Q

types of neurons?

A

unipolar and pseudounipolar
bipolar
multipolar

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9
Q

unipolar and pseudounipolar neurones?

A

mammals - initially bipolar and become unipolar as they develop
sensory ganglia located in roots of cranial and spinal nerves
body with single axon that bifurcates into central and peripheral branches

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10
Q

peripheral branches of unipolar and pseudounipolar neurones?

A

receptors sensitive to environment stimuli

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11
Q

central branches of unipolar and pseudounipolar neurones?

A

conveys environmentally induced excitation into CNS

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12
Q

bipolar neurone?

A

two processes: dendrites, axon
typically afferent neurones that convey sensory information to CNS
some interneurones are bipolar

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13
Q

multipolar neurons?

A

many dendrites
single axon
typically, efferent motor neurones that convey signals from CNS to effectors
some interneurones are multipolar

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14
Q

types of synapses?

A

axo-dendritic
axo-somatic
axo-axonic
dendro-dendritic

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15
Q

neuroglia/glial cells?

A

they make up >90% of nervous system
Important role in neuronal development, activity, plasticity and recovery from injury
small cells (compared with neurons)
ectodermal origin (except microglial cells - mesoderm)

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16
Q

what interactions with glial cells are essential?

A

glia-neuron interactions and glia-glia interactions are essential

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17
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

pale, ovoid nuclei, largest among glial nuclei

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18
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A

they provide support to neurons through glia fibrils
store glycogen and release glucose
ion pumps - regulate Na+
insulate synapses and release substances that modulate synapse sensitivity

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19
Q

how do astrocytes help with immune function?

A

act as antigen-presenting cells to T-lymphocytes
secrete chemokines and cytokines
influence Th cells’ response and monocyte/microglia effector functions

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20
Q

shape of oligodendrocytes?

A

small, spherical and densely staining nuclei
few branches
grey matter - perineuronal satellite cells, growth factor providers
White matter - myelin sheaths around axons - speed AP propagation through CNS
Biogenesis and maintenance of myelin

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

microglia?

A

mesodermal origin
small, elongated chromophilic nuclei
synthesise and release trophic factors
cytotoxic defence properties
transform into macrophages - antigen presenting and phagocytic properties
secrete cytokines - TNFα, IL-1β
important role - viral infection, autoimmunity and neurodegenerative disorders

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23
Q

pericytes?

A

associated with CNS capillaries (part of BBB)
believed to have contractile abilities
phagocytic

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24
Q

ependymal cells?

A

epithelial cells that line the ventricular cavities within the brain and central canal of the spinal cord

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25
what type of cells are ependymal cells?
they are cuboidal - (appear columnar) cells they have motile cilia
26
what do the ependymal cells make up and what does it allow?
choroid plexus epithelium - modified ependymal cells WHICH allows nutrients from blood to be transported to ventricles of brain
27
what do the modified ependymal cells do?
they cover surfaces of choroid plexus villi and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by active secretion of Na+
28
where are modified ependymal cells found?
in brain ventricles cuboidal cells w/ microvilli vs. cilia
29
tanycytes found where?
hypothalamus
30
what are tanycytes?
they are modified ependymal cells - hypothalamis walls of third ventricle
31
basal process of tanycytes allows them to do what?
to make contact with capillaries and neurons
32
what are tanycytes thought to play a role in?
in hypothalamic hormone release into hypothalamic pituitary portal system
33
how do tanycytes play a role in hypothalamic hormone release?
act as sensors in feedback mechanisms play a role in transfer of hypothalamic hormones from CSF to portal blood
34
what cells are part of PNS?
Ganglionic gliocytes satellite cells
35
histologically central nervous tissue includes?
brain spinal cord optic nerve retina
36
origin of central nervous tissue?
common embryological origin
37
white matter of CNS?
dense accumulation of myelinated axons collections of tracts - fasciculi or lemnisci - same origin and destination
38
grey matter of CNS?
rich in neuronal bodies, glial cells and neuropil neuropil - axons, terminal branches, dendrites, and glial processes that collectively form a background matrix for the cell bodies and seen with light microscopy
39
layers of central nervous tissue?
molecular layer external granular layer external pyramidal layer internal granular layer internal pyramidal layer fusiform (multiform) layer
40
molecular layer of cerebral cortex of central nervous tissue?
(lamina molecularis) - neuropil - apical dendrites from pyramidal neurons and terminal branches of superficial cortical afferent fibres
41
external granular layer of cerebral cortex of central nervous tissue?
(lamina granularis externa) - small interneurons
42
external pyramidal layer of cerebral cortex of central nervous tissue?
(lamina pyramidalis externa) - small medium pyramidal neurons - send axons to adjacent cerebral cortex
43
internal granular layer of cerebral cortex of central nervous tissue?
(lamina granularis interna) smaller satellite neurons that receive specific sensory input
44
internal pyramidal layer of cerebral cortex of central nervous tissue?
(lamina pyramidalis interna) medium-large neurons that send axons into white matter
45
fusiform layer of cerebral cortex of central nervous tissue?
(lamina multiformis) spindle-shaped neurons that send axons into white matter
46
central nervous tissue of cerebellum?
white matter - deep to cortex - 3/4 pairs of cerebellar nuclei Dentate Emboliform -- interposed Globose -- interposed Fastigial -- interposed
47
cerebellum fibres?
input fibres - climbing fibres and mossy fibres
48
climbing fibres of cerebellum?
each fibre makes numerous synapses-in-passing on one dendritic tree thought to carry 'error signals' that help in learning new motor controls originate from inferior olive of medulla oblongata
49
mossy fibres of cerebellum?
multiple origins feed sensory information to cerebellum w.g. senses, proprioception etc.
50
thalamus - central nervous tissue?
integrator/relay of sensory information no white or grey matter distinction over 50 neuronal nuclei, each with a specific function
51
hippocampus - central nervous tissue?
part of the limbic system two - left and right head, body and tail
52
hippocampus - structure?
two interlocking parts of grey matter hippocampus proper dentate gyrus S-shape in transverse section - seahorse
53
what is the hippocampus functionally divided into?
into four subfields - each has special arrangement of pyramidal neurons CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4
54
brainstem - central nervous tissue?
uniform grey matter (no grey/white matter distinction) fundamental to basal body activity such as cardiovascular tone, respiratory activity and consciousness
55
where do most cranial nerves exit from?
from the brain stem - various nuclei tracts
56
white matter of spinal cord?
outside (opposite to cortex) divided into funiculi (dorsal, lateral, ventral) myelinated and unmyelinated axons travelling up and down
57
grey matter of spinal cord?
inside (opposite to cortex) dorsal sensory horns - small neurons ventral motor horns - motor neurons
58
middle canal of spinal cord lined by?
ependymal cells
59
meninges? - what do they do?
they cover brain, spinal cord and optic nerve contain cerebrospinal fluid constitute protective barrier
60
Dura Mater? central nervous tissue?
dura mater (pachymenix) - superficial thick and strong thick collagen bundles and elastic fibres orientated longitudinally in spinal dura but more irregular in cranial fibrocytes, nerves, lymph and blood vessels inner surface - lined by multiple layers of flattened fibrocytes to which outer cells of arachnoid membrane adhere
61
arachnoid mater of the meninges?
outer layer of flattened fibrocytes inner layer of loosely arranged flattened fibrocytes with small bundles of collagen fibres arachnoid trabeculae subarachnoid space - CSF arachnoid villi - penetrate walls of dural venous sinuses - one way valves for drainage of CSF
62
meninges - pia mater?
highly vascular layer collagen fibres, elastic network, fibrocytes, lymphocytes, mast cells basal lamina vs. glial limiting membrane (astrocyte processes) outer layer - flat fibrocytes
63
nerves?
hundreds of axons, each sheathed or myelinated by neurolemmocytes and all organised into fascicles enveloped by connective tissue
64
endoneurium?
fibrocytes and collagen fibres surrounding individual neurolemmocytes
65
perineurium?
fibrous tissue surrounding nerve fascicle
66
epineurium?
fibrous tissue surrounding multiple fascicles
67
blood vessels of peripheral nervous tissue?
vasa nervorum
68
blood-nerve barrier?
epithelioid cells and endothelium of endoneurial microvessels perineural epithelioid cells - sqamous concentric sheets
69
Ganglia - peripheral nervous tissue:
neuron cell bodies spinal ganglia located in dorsal spinal roots and ganglia in cranial nerve roots are referred to as sensory ganglia - bodies from primary afferent neurons
70
afferent neurons of peripheral nervous tissue are...
they are unipolar except in sense organs (bipolar)
71
autonomic ganglia?
multipolar cell bodies
72
postganglionic neurons?
cholinergic - synthesise and release ACTh adrenergic - noradrenaline
73

Structure & Function 4 (21 decks)

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