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Renal Anatomy > Histology of the Renal System > Flashcards

Histology of the Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

How do the kidneys act as endocrine organs?

A
  1. secretion of erythropoietin
  2. secretion of renin
  3. hydroxylation of 25-OH vitamin D3
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2
Q

What structures does the hilum contain?

A
  1. renal pelvis
  2. renal vessels
  3. renal nerves
    - occupy the renal sinus
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3
Q

Name the regions of the kidney?

A
  1. the capsule
  2. cortex
  3. medulla
  4. renal pelvis
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4
Q

Describe the cortex?

A
  • most superficial region
  • light in colour
  • granular appearance
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5
Q

Describe the medulla?

A
  • deep to the cortex
  • darker tissue
  • cone shaped tissue masses : medullary/renal pyramids
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6
Q

Describe the structure of renal pyramids?

A

has a base which is convex, and a apex which tapers toward its apex or papilla
- each medullary pyramid is surrounded by a capsule of cortical tissue to form a lobe

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7
Q

Describe renal columns?

A

Inward extensions of cortical tissue that separate the pyramids

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8
Q

Describe the microscopic structure of the capsule?

A
  1. outer fibrous layer - collagen

2. inner cellular layer - myofibroblasts

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9
Q

What does the capsule cover at the hilum?

A
  1. sinus
  2. walls of renal calyces
  3. renal pelvis
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10
Q

What does the colour of the cortex and medulla reflect?

A

distribution of blood

  1. cortex : 90-95%
  2. medulla : 5-10%
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11
Q

The cortex contains which structures microscopically?

A
  1. renal copuscles
  2. associated tubules
  3. extensive vascular supply
  4. medullary rays - eminate from medulla
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12
Q

Name the associated tubules found in the cortex?

A
  1. convoluted and straight tubules of the nephron
  2. collecting tubules
  3. collecting ducts
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13
Q

Describe the renal corpuscles?

A
  • spherical structures composed of glomerulus: capillary network
  • proximal segment of the nephron
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14
Q

Describe the medullary rays?

A

straight segments of the loop of Henle and collecting ducts

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15
Q

What are cortical labyrinths?

A

regions between medullary rays

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16
Q

What is found in cortical labyrinths?

A

uriniferous tubule (kidney tubule)

  1. renal corpuscles
  2. convoluted tubules of nephrons (proximal +distal)
  3. collecting tubules
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17
Q

The medulla is characterised by which structures microscopically?

A
  1. straight tubules
  2. collecting ducts
  3. vasa recta
  4. renal columns (of Bertin)
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18
Q

The tubules in the medulla form?

A

renal pyramids

  • apex (papilla) projects into minor calyx
  • tip of papilla (area of cribrosa) is perforated by openings of collecting ducts
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19
Q

Medulla is divided into?

A

outer + inner medulla

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20
Q

The outer medulla is divided into?

A
  1. outer stripe

2. inner stripe

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21
Q

What are kidney lobes?

A

Formed by each pyramid and its associated cortical tissue at its base and sides (1/2 of renal column)
- Number of lobes = number of medullary pyramids

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22
Q

How many lobes are in a human kidney?

A

8 - 18 lobes

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23
Q

What is a kidney lobule?

A

Consists of central medullary ray and surrounding cortical tissue
: collecting duct + all nephrons that it drains
- constitute a renal secretory unit

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24
Q

What is the uriniferous tubule?

A

main structural and functional unit of the kidneys

  1. nephron
  2. its collecting duct or tubule
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25
Q

What is a nephron?

A

structural + functional unit of the kidney

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26
Q

The nephron consists of?

A
  1. renal corpuscle

2. tubule system

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27
Q

How are the types of nephrons determined?

A

based on location of their renal corpuscles in the cortex

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28
Q

Describe subscapular/cortical nephron?

A
  • renal corpuscles located in the outer part of cortex
  • have short loops of henle
  • hairpin turn occurs in outer medulla
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29
Q

Describe juxtamedullary nephrons?

A
  • renal corpuscles located at the base of the medullary pyramid
  • have long loops of henle
  • long ascending thin segments
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30
Q

Describe intermediate/midcortical nephrons?

A
  • Renal corpuscles located in the midregion of the cortex

- Have intermediate length loop of henle

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31
Q

What is the structure of the nephron?

A
  1. renal corpsucle
  2. proximal convoluted tubule
  3. loop of henle
  4. distal convoluted tubule
  5. collecting duct - concentrating urine
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32
Q

What is the renal/Malpighian corpuscle?

A

first part of the nephron, where the filtration occur

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33
Q

The renal corpuscle consists of?

A
  1. Glomerulus – tuft of capillaries (10-20 capillary loops)

2. Bowman’s capsule – double-layered epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerulus

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34
Q

Function of Bowmans capsule?

A

filters blood to produce glomerular filtrate

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35
Q

What are the layers of Bowmans capsule?

A
  1. parietal layer
  2. visceral layer
  3. space between layers - urinary space
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36
Q

Describe the external parietal layer?

A
  • simple squamous epithelium associated with connective tissue stroma
  • Continuous with simple cuboidal epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule
  • plays no part in the formation of filtrate : contributes to structure
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37
Q

Describe the visceral layer?

A
  • attaches to glomerulus

- consists of unusual, branching epithelial cells called podocytes, reinforced by basal lamina

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38
Q

Describe the podocytes?

A

have many branches which end in foot processes or pedicels

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39
Q

Describe the pedicels of the podocytes?

A

they inter digitate with one another as they surround the glomerular capillaries

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40
Q

Where does the filtrate pass through in Bowmans capsule?

A

thin filtration slits made by the pedicels into the capsular space

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41
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

a tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tubule

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42
Q

The glomerulus consists of?

A
  1. Glomerular capillaries
  2. Mesagium –formed by mesangial cells
  3. Podocytes –visceral layer of bowman’s capsule
43
Q

The glomerulus is supplied by?

A

afferent arteriole

44
Q

The glomerulus is drained by?

A

efferent arteriole

45
Q

What are the 2 poles of the glomerulus?

A

vascular and urinary

46
Q

Describe the vascular pole of the glomerulus?

A

site where efferent and afferent arterioles enter and exit parietal layer of bowman’s capsule

47
Q

What is the urinary pole of the glomerulus?

A

site where proximal convoluted tubule begins

48
Q

Describe the composition of the filtrate found in the glomerulus capsule?

A

solute-rich, virtually protein free fluid

- is processed by the renal tubules to form urine

49
Q

What is the filtration apparatus of the kidney?

A

found within the renal corpuscle

- acts as semi permeable barrier

50
Q

What are the 3 components of the filtration apparatus?

A
  1. endothelium of glomerular capillaries
  2. glomerular basement membrane
  3. visceral layer of Bowmans capsule
51
Q

Describe the endothelium of glomerular capillaries?

A
  1. Contains numerous fenestrations (70-90 nm)
    - Fenestrations have no diaphragm - make capillary porous
  2. Contains large number of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) water channels
52
Q

Describe the glomerular basement membrane?

A

Thick basement membrane (300-350 nm) that acts as a semi-permeable barrier

53
Q

The basement membrane is secreted by?

A
  1. endothelial cells

2. Podocytes

54
Q

What is the molecular composition of the glomerular basement membrane?

A
  1. Type IV collagen
  2. Sialoglycoproteins
  3. Noncollagenous glycoproteins (e.g. laminin, fibronectin, entactin)
  4. Proteoglycans
  5. Glycosaminoglycans – heparin sulfate
55
Q

What are the layers of the glomerular basement membrane?

A
  1. lamina rara interna
  2. lamina externa
  3. lamina densa
56
Q

Describe the lamina rara interna?

A
  • Adj. to capillary endothelium

- Contain polyanions (heparan sulfate)

57
Q

Describe the lamina externa?

A
  • Adj. to podocyte processes

- Contains similar molecules as lamina rara interna

58
Q

Describe lamina densa?

A
  • Fused portions of laminae

- Contains: type IV collagen & sialoglycoproteins

59
Q

What is the urinary space/Bowmans space?

A

lie between parietal and visceral layers of the Bownman’s capsule.

60
Q

Describe the visceral layer of Bowmans capsule?

A

Contains podocytes or visceral epithelial cells

- Podocytes extend processes (pedicels or foot processes) around glomerular capillaries

61
Q

Describe what pedicels form?

A

Spaces between pedicels form filtration slits with a filtration slit membrabe

62
Q

Pedicels contain?

A

actin filaments

63
Q

What is the mesangium?

A

intraglomerular structure

64
Q

The mesangium contains?

A
  1. mesangial cells

2. extracellular matrix

65
Q

Where is the mesangium found?

A

in renal corpuscle and extend to vascular pole

66
Q

When mesangial cells extend to the vascular pole they are known as?

A

extraglomerular mesangial cells or lacis cells

- juxtaglomerular apparatus

67
Q

What are the functional characteristics of mesangial cells?

A 
Contractile
Phagocytotic
Capable of proliferation
Synthesize both matriX and collagen
 Structural support
Synthesize and Secrete prostaglandins and endothelins, ( IL-1, PDGF)
68
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Small endocrine structure that lies adj. to vascular pole of renal corpuscle

69
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of?

A
  1. Macula densa – cells of distal straight tubule.
  2. Juxtaglomerular cells – renin producing modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole
  3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells
70
Q

What are the functions of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Regulates Bp by activating the renin-angiotensin – aldosterone system

71
Q

What are interstitial cells?

A

cells located in the interstitial tissue of the kidney and surrounds nephrons vessels

72
Q

What are the 2 types of interstitial cells in the cortex?

A
  1. Fibroblast-like cells – secret collagen +GAG

2. Macrophages

73
Q

What do the interstitial cells of the medulla contain?

A

contain myofibroblast

74
Q

The tubule system of nephron consists of?

A
  1. proximal thick segment
  2. thin ascending limb of loop of henle
  3. distal thick segment
75
Q

The proximal thick segment consists of?

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule (pars convoluta)
  2. Proximal straight tubules (pars recta)
    • Thick descending limb of loop of henle
    • Thin descending limb of loop of henle
76
Q

The distal thick segment consists of?

A
  1. Distal straight tubule (pars recta)
    - thick ascending limb of loop of henle
    : makes contact with vascular pole of renal corpuscle
    - Epithelial cells form macula densa
  2. Distal convoluted tubule (pars convoluta)
    - empties into collecting duct via arched collecting tubule or connecting tubule
77
Q

What are connecting tubules?

A
  • Begins in the cortical labyrinth as connecting tubules or arched collecting tubules
  • Join collecting ducts in the medullary rays
78
Q

Describe the 2 types of collecting ducts?

A
  1. Cortical collecting ducts
    - located within the cortex
  2. Medullary collecting ducts
    - travel to the pyramidal apex.
    - Merge into larger ducts : papillary ducts (ducts of Bellini)
    - open at area cribrosa
79
Q

What are the functions of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  1. Initial and major site of re-absorption 150L/day of fluid (80% ultrafiltrate)
  2. Re-absorbes amino acids, sugars and polypeptides
  3. Endocytoses proteins and large peptides
80
Q

What are the special features of the cuboidal cells in the proximal convolutes tubules?

A
  1. Brush border –long straight microvilli
  2. Junctional complex
  3. Plicae or folds on lateral surface
  4. Inter-digitation of basal processes
  5. Basal striations – contained elongate mitochondria
81
Q

What causes the striated look of the cuboidal cells of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

numerous basal infoldings & plenty of mitochondria

82
Q

Describe the cells of the proximal straight tubule?

A
  1. Have shorter cells with less well developed brush borders
  2. Very few and less complex lateral and basalateral processes
  3. Have randomly distributed small mitochondria
83
Q

Describe the epithelium of the thin segment of the loop of henle?

A

simple squamous epithelium

84
Q

What are the 4 types of epithelial cellls in the thin segment of the loop of henle?

A
  1. type I epithelium
  2. type II
  3. type III
  4. type IV
85
Q

Describe the Type I epithelium of thin segment of the loop of Henle?

A
  • Located in descending and ascending limbs of loop of henle
    (short looped nephrons)
  • Have no interdigitations with other cells
  • Few organelles
86
Q

Describe the Type II epithelium of thin segment of loop of Henle?

A
  • Found in thin descending limb of long looped nephrons in cortical labyrinth
  • Tall epithelium
  • Have many small brunt microvilli
  • Varying interdigitations
87
Q

Describe the Type III epithelium of the thin segment of loop of Henle?

A
  • Found in thin descending limb in inner medulla
  • Cells have simpler structure and fewer microvilli
  • No lateral interdigitations
88
Q

Describe the Type IV epithelium of thin segment of loop of Henle?

A
  • Found at the bend of long looped nephrons and the entire ascending limb.
  • Cells have low flattened epithelium
  • No microvilli
89
Q

What is the medullary loop?

A

Consists of an descending limb, a thin segment and a ascending limb

90
Q

Describe the histology of the medullary loop?

A

the thin part is lined by simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin BL
- the sq. cells bulge into the lumen of tubule

91
Q

Where is the medullary loop?

A

Extends from corticomedullary junction to medulla

92
Q

What is the function of the medullary loop?

A

Functions as a counter-current multiplier system to determines osmolarity of urine
- blood flow in the loop is counter to that in medullary vasa recta

93
Q

Name the 2 types of collecting tubules?

A
  1. collecting tubules

2. medullary collecting ducts

94
Q

Describe the histology of collecting tubules?

A

Have squamous to cuboidal epithelium

95
Q

Describe medullary collecting ducts?

A

Have simple cuboidal epithelium + tansition to columnal as the duct sizes increase

96
Q

What are the 2 distinct cell types of collecting tubules + ducts?

A
  1. light cells - collecting duct or CD cells

2. dark cells - intercalated (IC) cells

97
Q

Describe light cells?

A
  • Principal pale staining cells
  • Cells have basal foldings
  • Posses a single cilium + short microvilli
98
Q

What are dark cells?

A
  • Have dense cytoplasm and many mitochondria
  • Have apical cytoplasmic folds (microplacae)
  • Have microvilli
99
Q

The renal artery is a branch of?

A

abdominal aorta

100
Q

Describe the blood supply within the renal sinus?

A

interlobar arteries - pass between pyramids

101
Q

Describe the bloody supply at the base of the pyramid?

A

interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries (interlobular arteries) > afferent arterioles > glomerular capillaries > efferent arterioles > peritubular capillaries
- afferent arterioles are capillaries that form glomerulus

102
Q

Describe the course of efferent arterioles?

A

From cortical glomeruli > Lead to peri-tubular capillary network
From Juxtaglomeruli > Descends with loop of henle to form vasa recta

103
Q

Describe the venous drainage?

A

Peritubular cortical capillaries > interlobular veins > arcuate veins > interlobar veins > renal vein
Capsular capillaries > into stellate veins > interlobular veins

104
Q

What are the 2 major lymphatic networks?

A
  1. Outer regions of the cortex - drain into lymphatic vessels in the capsule
  2. Deep regions - drain into large lymphatic vessels in renal sinus

Renal Anatomy (4 decks)

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