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Y1 - Respiratory > Histology of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Histology of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of the respiratory system

A
  • Supplies oxygen, gets rid of carbon dioxide
  • Phonation (voice)
  • Olfaction (smell)
  • Blood pressure control
  • Acid-Base Balance
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2
Q

List the functions of the nasal cavity

A
  • Warms air
  • Moistens air
  • Filters air
  • Site for olfaction

(Has turbulent airflow due to conchae)

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3
Q

Describe the epithelium found in the nasal vestibule

A

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Describe the epithelium that lines the nasal cavity (except for the vestibule and olfactory region)

A

Respiratory epithelium

  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
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5
Q

Describe respiratory epithelium

A
  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • Goblet cells
  • Basal Cell
  • Club cells
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6
Q

Describe what you would see in a birds eye view of respiratory epithelium

A
  • Majority ciliated cells

- Significant non-ciliated regions (Goblet cells)

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7
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the larynx and trachea?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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9
Q

What type of epithelium is found on the epiglottis?

A

The posterior (larynx facing) side:

  • Respiratory epithelium

The anterior (tongue) side:

  • Stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinised)
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10
Q

Describe the mechanism by which the nasal cavity gets blocked

(question NOT referring to soft palate erection)

A
  • The venous sinuses of the the lamina propria in the conchae engorge with blood
  • Increased mucus production
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11
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the laryngopharynx?

A
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
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12
Q

Describe the lamina propria found under the respiratory epithelium in the nasal cavity

A
  • Under the epithelium
  • Band of connective tissue
  • Has seromucous glands
  • Has thin-walled venous sinuses
  • Has a small amounts of bone
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13
Q

Describe the histology the larynx?

A

The walls of the larynx:
- Cartilage

The muscles of the larynx:
- Respiratory epithelium

Vocal folds & adjacent structures:
- Stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

Where on the larynx can you find stratified squamous epithelium?

A

The vocal folds

and adjacent structures

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15
Q

Describe the rings of cartilage found on the trachea

A
  • 15-20 rings
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Not complete circles (Have a small opening, “C” shaped)
  • The opening is spanned by fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle (trachealis muscle)
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16
Q

What fills the gap in the tracheal cartilage rings?

A
  • fibroelastic tissue

- trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)

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17
Q

Describe the layers of tissue found in the trachea

A 
Respiratory epithelium
-->
Basal lamina
-->
Lamina propria - (connective tissue and elastic fibres)
-->
Submucosa - (connective tissue and seromucous glands)
-->
Cartilage
18
Q

Name the 2 divisions of the trachea

Name the cartilaginous ridge that separates them

A
  • The primary (main) bronchi

- The carina

19
Q

Describe the structure of a bronchus

A 
Respiratory epithelium
-->
Lamina propria
-->
Muscularis (ring of smooth muscle)
-->
Submucosa
-->
Cartilage (interconnected flat plates, rather than "C" shapes)
20
Q

Describe the cartilage that surrounds bronchi

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Irregular plates
  • Fully surrounds the bronchial lumen
21
Q

Describe the changes in abundance of cartilage as you go down the bronchial tree

A

Trachea:
- Rings of hyaline cartilage

Bronchi:

  • Irregular plates of hyaline cartilage
  • Get more discontinuous deeped down

Bronchioles:
- No cartilage (none past segmental bronchi)

22
Q

Describe the lining of a bronchiole

A
  • Epithelium height decreases from columnar to cuboidal as you go down
  • Ciliated epithelium
  • Initially some goblet cells
23
Q

What is the name of the smallest bronchioles to lack respiratory function?

A

Terminal bronchioles

Bronchioles –> Terminal –> Respiratory bronchioles

24
Q

Name the first part of the respiratory tree to have respiratory function

A

Respiratory bronchioles

they have alveoli in their walls

25
Q

Describe the lumen diameter of bronchioles

A

Less than 1mm

26
Q

Do bronchioles have cartilage?

A

No

27
Q

List what stimulates the smooth muscle of bronchioles to contract

A
  • Parasympathetic stimulation (M3 muscarinic)
  • Histamine
  • Other factors (doesn’t matter)
28
Q

Describe the lining of terminal bronchioles

A
  • Cuboidal ciliated epithelium
  • Club cells (project above epithelium)
  • Have a layer of smooth muscle
29
Q

Describe the role of Club (Clara) cells

A

Club cells are non-ciliated

  • Produce surfactant (a little)
  • Detoxification
  • Immune modulation
  • Stem cells
30
Q

Describe respiratory bronchioles

A
  • Ciliated cuboidal epithelium
  • Club cells
  • Lots of envagination by alvioli
31
Q

Describe alveolar ducts

A
  • Split off from respiratory bronchioles

- Lined with alveoli and alveolar sacs

32
Q

Describe alveolar sacs

A
  • Split off of alveolar ducts

- Groupings of alveoli

33
Q

Describe the lining of alveoli

A
  • Type 1 alveolar cells

- Type 2 alveolar cells

34
Q

Describe Type 1 alveolar cells (type 1 pneumocytes)

A
  • Simple squamous epithelium
  • Lines the alveolar surfaces
  • covers about 90% of the alveolar surface
35
Q

Describe Type 2 alveolar cells (type 2 pneumocytes)

A
  • Polygonal in shape (found at the joins between alveoli)
  • Free surface is covered in microvilli
  • Produces surfactant (exocytosis of lamellar bodies)
36
Q

Describe alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

A
  • Free cells
  • Phagocytose foreign bodies
  • Usually migrate up the respiratory tree (mucociliary escalator) to be swallowed
  • But may move to the septal connective tissue
37
Q

Describe how type 2 pneumocytes coat the alveolar surface in surfactant

A
  • Surfactant in lamellar bodies in the cytoplasm
  • Lamellar bodies are exocytosed
  • Surfactant released
38
Q

Describe the blood-air barrier

A

The tissue between the alveolar lumen and the pulmonary blood vessels that permeate the alveolar septa

  • 2 cells thick
  • Type 1 pneumocyte –> Basal lamina (shared) –> Endothelium
39
Q

List the surfactant producing cells

A
  • Type 2 pneumocytes (main)

- Club cells (minor)

40
Q

List the layers of the air-blood barrier

A 
Type 1 pneumocyte
-->
Basal lamina
-->
Endothelial cell
41
Q

Describe the layers of the visceral pleura

A 
Outer layer (mesothelium):
- simple squamous epithelium

Inner layers:

  • fibrous connective tissue
  • elastic connective tissue
Mesothelium
-->
Fibrous and elastic connective tissue
-->
Alveolar wall
42
Q

Describe the respiratory tree

A 
Trachea
-->
Primary Bronchi
-->
Bronchi
-->
Bronchioles
-->
Terminal Bronchioles
-->
Respiratory Bronchioles
-->
Alveolar ducts
-->
Alveolar sacs
-->
Alveoli

Y1 - Respiratory (7 decks)

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