Histology/Pathology

Question 1

Is hyperplasia reversible?

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 2

Increase in cell number - physiologic or pathologic

Question 3

What is an examples of pathologic condition where hyperplasia and hypertrophy occur at the same time?

Answer 3

Grave disease - thyroid tissue

Question 3

What cell types are present in the bronchi/bronchiole?

Answer 3

Pseudostratified epithelial cells

Goblet cells

Neuroendocrine cells

Basal Cells

Question 4

What cell types are present in the alveolar?

Answer 4

Type I and II pneumocytes Alveolar Macrophages Simple squamous endothelial cells Fibroblasts Inflammatory cells

Question 5

What is atropy?

Answer 5

A decrease in cell size or activity - associated with a reduction in cell metabolism or synthesis of structural proteins. Atropy can also refer to decrease in the size and activity of tissue due to apoptosis

Question 6

Define involution?

Answer 6

Physiological atropy involving apoptosis eg uterus Post partum, thymus

Question 7

What is lipofuscin

Answer 7

Pigment left from the autophagosis of cellular components in lysosomes

Question 9

What stimulates hypertrophy?

Answer 9

Increased demand or hormonal/growth factors

Question 10

Is hypertrophy always pathologic?

Answer 10

No. Eg Skeletal and cardiac muscle can both undergo physiologic hypertrophy

Question 11

What is neoplasia?

Answer 11

New growth of cells that is unregulated - eg malignancies. Hyperplasia increases the risk of neoplasia

Question 12

What are two types of non-dividing cells?

Answer 12

Neurones and cardiac myocytes

Question 13

How are cells classified in terms of their position on the cell cycle?

Answer 13

Labile - constantly replicating Stable - can re-enter the cell cycle Permanent - can not re-enter the cell cycle

Question 14

What stimulates hyperplasia?

Answer 14

Growth/hormonal factors

Question 16

What are some pathologic causes of atropy?

Answer 16

Disuse Denervation Loss of endocrine supply Pressure Inadequate nutrition Loss of blood supply

Question 17

What is autophagy?

Answer 17

A cell breaks downs some of its own components using lysosomes.

Question 18

What are some examples of normal hyperplasia?

Answer 18

Replication in endometrium during the reproductive cycle or the replication of epithelial cells during lactation.

Question 18

What is metaplasia?

Answer 18

Differentiation of one mature adult cell type into another

Question 19

What is an example of pathological metaplasia?

Answer 19

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium to stratified squamous cells in bronchial airways of the lung in response to smoking

Question 20

Give an example of physiological metaplasia

Answer 20

Cervical metaplasia: Simple columnar epithelium becomes stratified squamous around the external cervical OS

Question 21

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 21

Increase in cell size without an increase in cell number. Due to increase synthesis of cell components

Question 22

What is a terminal bronchiole?

Answer 22

The smallest airway in which gas exchange does not occur

Question 23

What is the first structure in the conducting airway?

Answer 23

Nasopharynx

Question 24

What occurs in the nasopharynx?

Answer 24

Tonation and condition of air in th sinuses

Smelling in the olfactory epithelium

Turbinates (warms and moistens) the air

Question 25

What is the function of the larynx?

Answer 25

Block food from entering the airways Produce sound as air is forced over it

Question 26

What cells up the respiratory epithelium of the airways?

Answer 26

Pseudostratified epithelial cells (30%) Globlet cells (30%) Basal stem cells (30%) Brush cells with microvilli (3%) Serous cells (3%) Small granuole cells

Question 27

How long is the trachea? What is it's diameter?

Answer 27

12cm and 2cm respectively

Question 28

What are the layers of the trachea?

Answer 28

Mucosa Submucosa Adventitia

Question 29

Why is the trachea constricted during exhalation?

Answer 29

To make sure any dead air in the airways is expelled so as not to be inhaled deeper into the lungs for a second time

Question 30

Where is the trachea's cartilage located?

Answer 30

In the adventitia

Question 31

What makes up the trachea's mucosal layer?

Answer 31

Respiratory epithelium and lamina propria

Question 32

What makes up the trachea's submucosa?

Answer 32

Secretory glands and connective tissue

Question 33

How many divisions are there of the 2 primary bronchi?

Answer 33

5 - 3 on the right and 2 on the left

Question 34

How does the cartilage differ in the bronchi cf to the trachea?

Answer 34

It forms plates instead of rings

Question 35

How does the smooth muscle differ in the bronchi cf to the trachea?

Answer 35

It makes a complete ring around the lumen instead of connecting the C ring cartilage

Question 36

What does the submucosa of the bronchi contain?

Answer 36

Glands and smooth muscle

Question 37

What differentiates a bronchiole from a bronchus?

Answer 37

A bronchiole is \<2mm and doesn't have cartilage

Question 38

How does the cell structure of the bronchioles differ from higher airways?

Answer 38

It loses goblet cells and ciliated epithelials and gains Clara cells

Question 39

Ciliated cells extend deeper into the bronchioles than do goblet cells, why?

Answer 39

To capture mucus

Question 40

What keeps bronchioles open?

Answer 40

Radial connective tissue and surfactant

Question 41

What is the structure of Clara cells?

Answer 41

Columnar to cuboidal with microvilli

Question 42

What is the function of Clara cells?

Answer 42

Secrete surfactant Neutralise toxins

Question 43

What is characteristic of a terminal bronchiole?

Answer 43

It is the last airway where gas exchange does not occur

Question 44

What is the structure of the respiratory bronchiole epithelium?

Answer 44

Cuboidal to squamous with intermitten alveoli pouches

Question 45

What is the purpose of alveoli pores?

Answer 45

Allows air to flow between alveoli

Question 46

What is contained in alveoli walls?

Answer 46

Pore Capillaries Lined with squamous cells

Question 47

What do interalveolar septa contain?

Answer 47

Elastin and reticular fibres to keep alveoli open

Question 48

What cells make up the majority of the SA of the alveoli?

Answer 48

Type I pneumocytes

Question 49

What is the function of Type I pneumocytes?

Answer 49

Gas exchange surface Tight junctions to prevent fluid leaking into alveoli air space

Question 50

What is the function of type II pneumocytes?

Answer 50

Produce surfactant Act as stem cells

Question 51

What are lamellar bodies?

Answer 51

Vessels in type II pneumocytes that contain surfactant

Question 52

T/F type II pneumocytes can replicate into type I or II pneumocytes

Answer 52

True, required to replace type I pneumocytes

Question 53

How is the A-C barrier further made thinner?

Answer 53

Fusion of the basal lamina's of the endothelium and type I pneumocyte

Question 54

Where do intra-alveolar macrophages go when they are full?

Answer 54

They can travel up the airways or Stay in interalveolar septum with particles