HISTOPATH Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
The mechanism of cells when exposed to several stress and stimuli under normal conditions
A
ADAPTATION MECHANISM
2
Q
Which type of cell do not typically divide cell division such as parenchymal cells?
A
STABLE CELL
3
Q
A type of cell injury which known as point of no return
A
IRREVERSIBLE INJURY
4
Q
a type of cell which is frequently dividing to replace the lost cells of the body
A
LABILE CELL
5
Q
Type of cell that only undergo cell division to replace injured cell
A
STABLE CELL
6
Q
the defective organ shows no resemblance to the normal mature structure
A
APLASIA
7
Q
Complete non-appearance growth of organ
A
AGENESIA
8
Q
Failure of the organ to reach normal mature size
A
HYPOPLASIA
9
Q
Failure of organ to form an opening
A
ATRESIA
10
Q
Imperforate anus is an example of what abnormal cell growth?
A
ATRESIA
11
Q
This is due to lack of nutritional supply to sustain normal growth
A
HUNGER / STARVATION ATROPHY
12
Q
An inactivity or diminished activity or function
A
ATROPHY OF DISUSE
13
Q
Too much workload can cause general wasting of tissue
A
EXHAUSTION ATROPHY
14
Q
this may secondarily promote diminution of blood supply
A
PRESSURE ATROPHY
15
Q
atrophy that is due to lack of hormones needed to maintain normal size and structure
A
ENDOCRINE ATROPHY
16
Q
Decrease of uterus size after child birth is an example of?
A
PHYSIOLOGIC ATROPHY
17
Q
Increase in SIZE of cells making up the organ
A
HYPERTROPHY
18
Q
Increase in NUMBER of cells making up the organ
A
HYPERPLASIA
19
Q
it may develop as response to a deficiency that usually occurs when one of paired organs is removed
A
COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY
20
Q
Transformation of ADULT cell to ADULT cell type
A
METAPLASIA
21
Q
Transformation of ADULT cell to EMBRYONIC or FETAL cell
A
ANAPLASIA
22
Q
Hypoxic injury can be irreversible after __ for neurons
A
3-5 MINUTES
23
Q
Hypoxic injury can be irreversible after __ for myocardial cells and hepatocytes
A
1-2 HOURS
24
Q
Hypoxic injury can be irreversible after __ for skeletal muscles
A
MANY
25
Which of the reversible changes is the earliest manifestation to be observed?
CELLULAR SWELLING
26
#1 cause of cell injury
ANOXIA
27
This change in cell size, shape and orientation
DYSPLASIA
28
What are the changes to be observed in cytoplasmic in irreversible injury
1) Larger cells “cloudy swelling”
2) Increased eosinophilia
29
Dissolution of nucleus in irreversible injury
KARYORRHEXIS
30
Fragmentation or segmentation of nucleus in irreversible injury
KARYOLYSIS
31
Labile cells under this type of cell death
APOPTOSIS
32
What are the chief morphologic features of apoptosis?
1) chromatin condensation
2) chromatin fragmentation
3) cell shrinkage
4) cytoplasmic bleb formation
5) phagocytosis of apoptotic cells
33
Which type of cell death has the characteristics of cell shrinkage and no leakage of cellular components?
APOPTOSIS
34
which type of cell death causes cell swelling and leakage of cellular components leading to inflammation?
NECROSIS
35
Cell death that is due to sudden cut-off of blood supply or ischemia
COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
36
Cell death of which the action of hydrolytic enzymes is blocked
COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
37
On gross, this type of necrosis appears as somewhat firm, or boiled material
COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
38
A type of necrosis which has complete digestion of cells
LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS
39
On gross, this type of necrosis appears liquefied and creamy yellow due to increase pus
LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS
40
Microscopically, this type of necrosis appears as amorphous granular debri surrounded by granulomatous inflammation
CASEOUS NECROSIS
41
Microscopically, the affected cells of coagulative necrosis appear as
GHOSTLY
42
The destruction of adipose cells is due to release of pancreatic lipase
FAT NECROSIS
43
Fat necrosis is usually seen in
PANCREATITIS
44
Caseous necrosis is usually seen in
TUBERCULOSIS
45
On microscopy, this type of necrosis infiltrates foamy macrophage adjacent to adipose tissues
FAT NECROSIS
46
This is not specific pattern of necrosis
GANGRENOUS NECROSIS
47
this is due to venous occlusion
WET GRANGRENE
48
this is due to arterial occlusion
DRY GANGRENE
49
Destruction of functioning units of the cell
FUNCTION LAESA
50
CARDINAL SIGNS
DOLOR -
RUBOR -
CALOR -
TUMOR -
Dolor - PAIN
Rubor - REDNESS
Calor - HEAT
Tumor - SWELLING
51
Rapid response to an injurious agent
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
52
Hallmark signs of Acute Inflammation
1) EXUDATION
2) EDEMA
53
Which wbc is active during acute inflammation
NEUTROPHIL
54
It occurs when there is excess in interstitial tissue & serious cavities
EDEMA
55
An escape of fluids, proteins, and blood cells from vascular system is called
EXUDATION
56
Inflammation of prolonged duration
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
57
The cellular infiltrate in chronic inflammation is/are
MONONUCLEAR CELLS (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells)
58
What happens when inflammation is resolved
HEALING
59
What type of resolution is a replacement of lost / necrotic tissue with a new tissue but is not similar to those that were destroyed?
REPLACEMENT BY A CT SCAR
60
What type of resolution that has no destruction of normal tissue?
SIMPLE RESOLUTION
61
A type of resolution in which the clearance of mediators and inflammatory happens after the reabsorption of excess fluid
SIMPLE RESOLUTION
62
Which of the ff resolution is a replacement of lost / necrotic tissue with a new tissue that is similar to those that were destroyed?
REGENERATION RESOLUTION
63
It is the death of the entire body
SOMATIC DEATH
64
What type of changes can be observed immediately after death?
PRIMARY CHANGES
65
Which of the ff are the primary changes
i. cardiac failure
ii. nervous failure
iii. putrefaction
iv. rigor mortis
i. cardiac failure
ii. nervous failure
(and respiratory failure)
66
What type of changes can be observed few hours after death?
SECONDARY CHANGES
67
this happens at the rate of 7 degrees Fahrenheit per hours
ALGOR MORTIS
68
It is known as the cooling of the dead body
ALGOR MORTIS
69
What causes a delay in algor mortis?
INFECTIOUS DISEASES FOLLOWED BY INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE
70
This change is used to establish the time of death
ALGOR MORTIS
71
It is known as the stiffening of the dead body
RIGOR MORTIS
72
What causes a delay in rigor mortis?
COLD TEMPERATURE AND OBESE INDIVIDUALS
73
How long does it take to complete the stiffening of the body?
6-8 HOURS
74
How long does the stiffness remains?
12-36 HOURS
75
Which factors accelerates the onset of stiffness?
WARM ENVIRONMENT AND INFANTS
76
It is also known as Post-Mortem Hemolysis
LIVOR MORTIS
77
Purplish discoloration occurs in which secondary changes
LIVOR MORTIS / POST-MORTEM HEMOLYSIS
78
It can determine if the body position has changed at the scene of death
POST-MORTEM HEMOLYSIS
79
The settling and separation of RBC from the fluid phase happens in which of the secondary changes
POST-MORTEM CLOTTING
80
This occur due to the release of hydrolytic enzymes
AUTOLYSIS
81
Rotting and decomposition by bacterial action in a dead body
PUTREFACTION
82
Drying and wrinkling of cornea and anterior chamber
DESSICATION
83
This is done to determine the cause of death
AUTOPSY / NECROPSY
84
What type of autopsy is conducted by government agencies to address sudden, violent or unnatural deaths?
MEDICO LEGAL AUTOPSY
85
Only the head of the dead body is being examined to determine the cause of death
PARTIAL AUTOPSY
86
This type as to manner of incision is usually done in adult cadaver
Y-SHAPED INCISION
87
The cadaver is opened from the xiphoid area and incised down to the pubis
Y-SHAPED INCISION
88
The cadaver is opened from the suprasternal notch down to the pubis
STRAIGHT CUT
89
This manner of incision is usually done in children and infants
STRAIGHT CUT
90
Who advocated the autopsy technique in which the organ are removed separately one by one?
RUDOLF VIRCHOW
91
What is/are the advantage/s of Virchow Technique?
QUICK AND SUITABLE FOR BEGINNERS
92
Carl Rokitansky advocates what kind of autopsy method?
IN-SITU DISSECTION IN PART, COMBINED WITH EN BLOC REMOVAL
93
Advantages & Disadvantages of Rokitansky’s Method
Advantages: In infected bodies (HIV, Hepatitis B) & considered good in children
Disadvantages: Difficult to perform
94
Which of the autopsy technique involves the en bloc removal of organs?
ANTON GHON’S METHOD
95
Who advocated the autopsy technique of organs are removed “en masses”?
MAURICE LETTULLE
96
It is not a cellular adaptation mechanism
NEOPLASIA
97
It is made up of neoplastic cells
PARENCHYMA
98
It is made up of connective tissue framework which provides blood supply
STROMA
99
Which of the following describes malignant tumor?
i. no spread of metastasis
ii. poorly differentiated
iii. no bleeding in cut surfaces
iv. remarkable pressure effect on neighboring tissues
ii. poorly differentiated
iv. remarkable pressure effect on neighboring tissues
100
Which of the ff describes benign tumor?
i. noninvasive to another organ
ii. no spread or metastasis
iii. recurrence after surgery
iv. slowly growing mass
i. noninvasive to another organ
ii. no spread or metastasis
iv. slowly growing mass
101
What is most common form of antibody used in IHC
IgG
102
What is the most widely used labeling of antibodies?
HORSE RADISH PEROXIDASE (HRP)
103
What are the commonly used enzymes in PIER method?
TRYPSIN AND PROTEASE
104
What type of antibody which produced by different cells?
POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES
105
This is produced from individual clone of plasma cell and can react only with one specific type of epitope
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
