Histopath Midterm Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
“Study of Diseases”
A
Pathology
2
Q
What class of cells?:
frequently dividing; undergo cell division to replace lost cells
A
Labile cell
3
Q
What class of cells?:
Epithelial cells of the skin
A
Labile cell
4
Q
What class of cells?:
not typically dividing; undergo cell division only to replace injured cells
A
Stable cell
5
Q
What class of cells?:
Parenchymal cells of liver and kidney
A
Stable cell
6
Q
What class of cells?:
do not undergo replication ff. maturation
A
Permanent cell
7
Q
What class of cells?:
Neurons/Nerve cells
A
Permanent cell
8
Q
DECREASE in tissue or organ size
A
Atrophy
9
Q
Give one example of physiologic atrophy
A
- Atrophy of thymus at puberty
- Decrease in uterus size after childbirth
10
Q
Type of atrophy that occurs if blood supply to an organ becomes reduced or below critical level
A
Vascular atrophy
11
Q
Type of atrophy that may develop secondary to pressure atrophy
A
Vascular atrophy
12
Q
Persistent pressure on the organ or tissue may directly injure the cell
A
Pressure atrophy
13
Q
Due to lack of nutritional supply to sustain normal growth
A
Starvation/Hunger atrophy
14
Q
Due to lack of hormones needed to maintain normal size and structure
A
Endocrine atrophy
15
Q
Inactivity or diminished activity/function
A
Atrophy of disuse
16
Q
Too much workload can cause general wasting of tissues
A
Exhaustion atrophy
17
Q
INCREASE in tissue or organ size due to an increase in SIZE of cells making up the organ
*NO NEW CELLS ARE PRODUCED
A
Hypertrophy
18
Q
Increase in the size of skeletal muscle due to frequent exercise
A
Physiologic hypertrophy
19
Q
Increase in the size of heart muscle (myocardium) due to hypertension
A
Pathologic hyperthropy
20
Q
Increase in size of organ as a response to deficiency
Usually occurs when one of the paired organs is removed
A
Compensatory hypertrophy
21
Q
INCREASE in tissue size or organ size due to an increase in the NUMBER of cells making up the organ
*NEW CELLS ARE FORMED
A
Hyperplasia
22
Q
-Increase in breast and uterus size due to pregnancy
- Increase in breast size during puberty due to glandular stimulation
A
Physiologic hyperplasia
23
Q
- Diffuse crowding of epithelial cells in Graves disease
- Increase in the number of lymph nodules in TB of cervical lymph nodes
A
Pathologic hyperplasia
24
Q
Develops usually together with compensatory hypertrophy
A
Compensatory hyperplasia
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Involves transformation of adult cell type into another adult cell type
Metaplasia
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Metaplasia is (reversible/irreversible) process
Reversible
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aka atypical metaplasia/pre-neoplastic lesion
Dysplasia
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Change in cell size, shape, and orientation
Dysplasia
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Dysplasia is (reversible /irreversible) process
Reversible
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aka De-differentiation
Anaplasia
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Anaplasia is (reversible/irreversible) process
Irreversible
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Transformation of adult cells to embryonic/fetal cells
Anaplasia
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T/F: Neoplasia is NOT a cellular adaptation mechanism
True
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Hypoxic injury can be IRREVERSIBLE after:
___ = for neurons
___ = for myocardial cells and hepatocytes
___ = for skeletal muscles
3-5 minutes
1-2 hours
Many hours
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Reversible injury: Gross changes
- Organ pallor
- Increased weight
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Reversible injury: Microscopic changes
- Cellular swelling (first manifestation)
- Fatty degeneration
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Irreversible injuries are due to:
- Enzymatic digestion of cells
- Protein denaturation
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Cytoplasmic changes in
Irreversible injury
1. Larger cells “cloudy swelling”
2. Increased eosinophilia
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Nuclear changes in irreversible
injury
1. Pyknosis – condensation of nucleus
2. Karyolysis – fragmentation/segmentation of nucleus
3. Karyorrhexis – dissolution of nucleus
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Physiologic cell death; Programmed cell death.
Apoptosis
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Death of single cell in a cluster of cells
Apoptosis
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Cell shrinkage = intact membrane = no leakage of cellular components = NO INFLAMMATION
Apoptosis
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Chief morphologic features in apoptosis
- Chromatin condensation
- Chromatin fragmentation
- Cell shrinkage
- Cytoplasmic bleb formation
- Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells
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Pathologic cell death
Accidental cell death
Necrosis
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Cell swelling = membrane is not intact = there is leakage of cellular components = THERE IS INFLAMMATION
Necrosis
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Type of necrosis?
- due to sudden cut-off of blood supply
- cell death is due to ISCHEMIA.
Coagulative necrosis
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Type of necrosis?
Action of hydrolytic enzymes (lysozyme) is blocked.
Coagulative necrosis
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Type of necrosis?
Appearance:
- Microscopically, cell outlines are preserved but appears GHOSTLY (nothing inside)
- On gross, affected organs somewhat firm, appearing like a boiled material.
Coagulative necrosis
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Type of necrosis?
i.e. Myocardial infarction
Coagulative necrosis
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Type of necrosis?
Softening of organs is due to action of hydrolytic enzymes (lysozyme); there is complete digestion of cells.
Liquefactive necrosis
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Type of necrosis?
Appearance:
- On gross, affected organ appears liquefied, creamy yellow due to increased pus
Liquefactive necrosis
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Type of necrosis?
i.e. Brain infarction, Suppurative bacterial infection
Liquefactive necrosis
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Type of necrosis?
Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis
Caseous necrosis
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Type of necrosis?
Appearance
- On gross, tissue/organ appears greasy resembling “cheese”
- Microscopically it appears as amorphous granular debris surrounded by granulomatous inflammation
Caseous necrosis
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Type of necrosis?
Usually seen in TB
Caseous necrosis
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Type of necrosis?
- Seen in immune reactions of the blood vessel.
- Vessel wall appears thick due to deposition of fibrin in vessel wall.
Fibrinoid necrosis
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Type of necrosis?
- Gross appearance CANNOT be noted
- Changes are too smal
Fibrinoid necrosis
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Type of necrosis?
- Destruction of fat cells due to release of pancreatic lipases
- Death of fat tissues (adipose) due to loss of blood supply
Fat necrosis
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Type of necrosis?
Appearance:
- On gross, necrotic material appears “chalky white”.
- On microscopy, infiltrates of foamy macrophage adjacent to adipose tissues
Fat necrosis
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Type of necrosis?
- Seen in pancreatitis
- Affected organ is usually breast
Fat necrosis
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Not a specific pattern of necrosis
Gangrenous necrosis
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Type of necrosis secondary to ischemia
Gangrenous necrosis
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = refers to tissue death due to interruption of blood supply, usually in lower extremities (limb)
Gangrene
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Skin appears dry, black, and is observed in various stages of decomposition
Gangrenous necrosis
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Due to venous occlusion i.e. embolism of foot
Wet gangrene
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Due to arterial occlusion i.e. bacterial infection
Dru gangrene
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Ultimate goal of inflammation
1. To remove the initial cause of injury
2. To remove consequences of injury
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5 Cardinal Signs
Dolor – pain
Rubor – redness due to increase rate of blood flow
Calor – heat
Tumor – swelling
Function laesa – destruction of functioning units of the cell
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- Rapid response to an injurious agent
- May progress to chronic inflammation if it fails to subside in the course of several weeks.
Acute inflammation
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Hallmark signs (2) of acute inflammation
1. exudation – escape of fluid, CHON, and blood cells from vascular system)
2. edema – excess of fluid in interstitial tissues and serous cavities
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Cellular infiltrate in acute inflammation
Neutrophils
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Inflammation of prolonged duration
Chronic inflammation
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Cellular infiltrate of chronic inflammation
Mononuclear cells (macrophage, lymphocytes, plasma cells)
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Type of healing?
- No destruction of normal tissues
- Cause of injury is neutralized.
- Vessels returned to their normal permeability state.
- Excess fluid is reabsorbed.
- Clearance of mediators and inflammatory cells.
Simple resolution
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Type of healing?
Replacement of lost or necrotic tissues with a new tissue SIMILAR to those that were destroyed
Regeneration
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Type of healing in which severely damaged or non-regenerable tissues are repaired by the laying down of connective tissue aka SCAR
Replacement
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Death of entire body
Somatic death
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Can be observed immediately after death
o CNS/nervous failure
o Respiratory failure
o Cardiac failure
Primary changes in somatic death
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Can be observed few hours after death
Secondary changes in somatic death
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Cooling of the body
Algor mortis
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Rate of cooling of the body (deg F per hour)
7 degrees Farenheit per hour
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Can be used to establish time of death
Algor mortis/cooling of the body
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Algor mortis/cooling of the body is ____ in cold weather, lean malnourished individuals
faster
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Algor mortis/cooling of the body is ____ in infectious diseases.
delayed
86
Stiffening of the body
Rigor mortis
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Rigor mortis/stiffening of the body:
- starts __ hrs ff. death
- completes __ at hrs
- remains for __ hrs
- persists for __ days
- starts 2-3 hrs ff: death
- completes at 6-8 hrs
- remains for 12-36 hrs
- persist for 3-4 days.
88
Rigor mortis/stiffening of the body is ____ by warm environment and in infants
hastened
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Rigor mortis/stiffening of the body is ____ by cold temperature and obese individuals
delayed
90
Purplish discoloration of the skin
Livor mortis
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Sinking of fluid blood into capillaries of the dependent body parts
Livor mortis
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Can determine if body position has changed at the scene of death
Livor mortis
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- Occur slowly or immediately after death.
- Settling and separation of RBCs from the fluid phase
Post-mortem clotting
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Self-destruction due to the release of hydrolytic enzymes
Autolysis
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Rotting and decomposition by bacterial action.
Putrefaction
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Drying and wrinkling of cornea and anterior chamber
Dessication
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Autopsy aka ____
Necropsy
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Type as to manner of incision?
Cadaver is opened from both shoulders down from xiphoid area and incised down to pubis
Y-shaped incision
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Y-shaped incision is usually done in ___ cadavers
adult
100
Type as to manner of incision?
Cadaver is opened from the midline of the body from the suprasternal notch down to the pubis.
Straight-cut incision
101
Autopsy Technique?
- Organs are removed one by one and studied individually.
- i.e. Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity Cervical region Abdominal cavity
- Advantage: Quick and suitable for beginners
- Disadvantage: Causes loss of continuity
Rudolph Virchow’s Method
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Straight-cut incision is usually done in ___ cadavers
children and infant
102
Autopsy technique?
- Involves “in-situ” dissection in part, combined with en block removal.
- Advantages: In infected bodies (HIV, Hepa B), considered good in children
- Disadvantage: Difficult to perform
Carl Rokitansky’s Method
103
Autopsy technique?
- Involves “en-bloc” removal of organs
- i.e. Cervico-thoracic, abdominal, pelvic organs are removed in 3 blocks, neuronal system is removed as another block
- Advantage: Excellent preservation, handling of organs easier
- Disadvantage: Inter-relationships is difficulty to study, if disease is extending to all blocks
Anton Ghon’s Method
104
Autopsy technique?
- Organs are removed “en masses”
- All organs are removed “en masse” and disseacted as organ block
- Advantages: Organs inter-relationships are preserved, body can be handled over quickly
- Disadvantages: Organs difficult to handle
M. Lettule’s Method
105
- Process of tumor formation
- Abnormal proliferation of cells
- New cells are produced BUT functionless
Neoplasia
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Parts of tumor (2)
1. Parenchyma – neoplastic cells
2. Stroma – CT framework holding the neoplastic cells; provides blood supply.
107
Benign/Malignant Tumor?
Slowly growing mass
Benign tumor
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Benign/Malignant Tumor?
Irregular surface, non-capsulated, attached to deep structures
Malignant
109
Benign/Malignant Tumor?
Invasive to other organs
Malignant
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Benign/Malignant Tumor?
No spread and metastasis
Benign
111
Benign/Malignant Tumor?
Poorly, moderately, or well differentiated
Malignant
112
Benign/Malignant Tumor?
No reccurence after surgery
Benign
113
Benign/Malignant Tumor?
Bleeding from cut surfaces is common
Malignant
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Bening tumors are named by adding suffix __
-oma
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Malignant tumors are named by adding suffix __ or __
-sarcoma or -carcinoma
116
Benign/Malignant Tumor?
Remarkable pressure effect on neighboring tissue
Malignant
117
Purpose of grading tumors
To determine the % of differentiated and undifferentiated cells
118
Normal/Abnormal
Differentiated cells: ___
Undifferentiated cells: ___
Differentiated cells = normal
Undifferentiated cells = abnormal
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Classification used to grade tumors
Broder's classification
120
Broder's Classification
Grade I-IV
*table*
121
Value of tumor grading
1. Guide for treatment
2. Prognostic guide
122
- Based on the size of primary lesions, extent of spread to regional lymph nodes and presence or absence of metastases
- To determine spread of cancer
Staging of tumors
123
Classification used in staging of tumors
TNM classification
124
T/N/M?
Size of tumor
T
125
T/N/M?
Number of nodes involved
N
126
T/N/M?
Presence/absence of metastasis
M
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