Historians

Question 1

What is the term for enzymatic degeneration of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule (contains carbon)?

Answer 1

Fermentation

Question 2

Give an example:

Answer 2

ATP is synthesized by phosporylation (adding phosphate) and oxygen it is not required.

Question 3

What is the process that yeasts use to convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of air?

Answer 3

Fermentation

Question 4

What is the process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens?

Answer 4

Pasteurization

Question 5

What does Aerobic mean?

Answer 5

Requires Oxygen

Question 6

What does Anaerobic mean?

Answer 6

Requires an environment without oxygen

Question 7

What does facultative mean?

Answer 7

Can survive in environments with or without oxygen

Question 8

What philosopher scientist first coined the phrase “spontaneous generation?”

Answer 8

Aristotle

Question 9

Who believed that bees grew from honey and flies grew from meat?

Answer 9

Virgil

Question 10

Who first used a magnifying lens called “flea glasses?”

Answer 10

The Romans

Question 11

Who invented the first compound microscope?

Answer 11

Janssen

Question 12

Who improved both the microscope and the telescope?

Answer 12

Galileo

Question 13

Who improved the simple microscope to a magnification of 270x?

Answer 13

Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 14

Who first described microbes?

Answer 14

Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 15

Bacterial Arrangements

What are the types of: Pairs

Answer 15

diplococcic & diplobacilli

Question 16

Bacterial Arrangements

What are the types of: Clusters

Answer 16

staphylococci

Question 17

Bacterial Arrangements

What are types of: Chains

Answer 17

streptococci & streptobacilli

Question 18

Robert Hooke looked at a cork under a microscope and coined what term?

Answer 18

“Cells”

Question 19

What is the name for the hypothesis that organisms arose from nonliving life?

Answer 19

Spontaneous generation

Question 20

Who thought that mice grew from hay and coined the term “Spontaneous Generation”?

Answer 20

Aristotle

Question 21

According to spontaneous generation, what forms life?

Answer 21

Vital force

Question 22

What is the name for the hypothesis that organisms arise from preexisting life?

Answer 22

Biogenesis

Question 23

Who was a believer in biogenesis and set out to prove that maggots in meat were caused by flies laying eggs in the meat?

Answer 23

Redi

Question 24

How did Francisco Redi prove biogenesis?

Answer 24

He filled covered jars with meat, proving that maggots do not spontaneously grow from the meat.

Question 25

How did John Needham prove spontaneous generation?

Answer 25

Put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks and got microbial growth, so he thought that proved that organisms can spontaneously be created.

Question 26

What was flawed with Needham’s experiment?

Answer 26

His flask was covered with a non-sterile cork

Question 27

Who believed that microorganisms are present in the air, and set out to prove it?

Answer 27

Louis Pasteur

Question 28

Who designed a special S-Shaped flask that demonstrated that Spontaneous Generation Theory was false?

Answer 28

Louis Pasteur

Question 29

Who discovered the first smallpox vaccine?

Answer 29

Edward Jenner

Question 30

Who discovered the sheep vaccine for Anthrax?

Answer 30

Louis Pasteur

Question 31

What three vaccines did Louis Pasteur invent?

Answer 31

Sheep anthrax Chicken cholera Rabies

Question 32

Who is responsible for the Cell Theory?

Answer 32

Rudolf Virchow

Question 33

What does the cell theory state?

Answer 33

- All living things are composed of cells - Cells are the smallest working units of living things - All cells come from preexisting cells by cell division (biogenesis theory)

Question 34

Who discovered that the silkworm disease is caused by a fungus?

Answer 34

Agostino Bassi

Question 35

Describe the process for Koch’s Postulates.

Answer 35

- Obtain the disease causing microbe from the sick animal via a sample. - Isolate this microbe in pure culture. - Inoculate a healthy animal with this pure culture, and the healthy animal should develop the same disease. - Re-isolate the microbe from the second animal.

Question 36

If it is the same microbe obtained from the first animal what does this prove?

Answer 36

The etiology (cause) of the disease.

Question 37

What did Joseph Lister invent?

Answer 37

Carbolic spray to disinfect surfaces in the operating room. His descendants later invented Listerine.

Question 38

What breakthrough did Semmelwise discover?

Answer 38

He discovered that puerperal fever could be drastically cut by use of hand washing standards in obstetrical clinics.

Question 39

What did Paul Ehrlich make?

Answer 39

He made the first antibiotic. It was for syphilis.

Question 40

What did Von Behring invent?

Answer 40

Invented diphtheria antitoxin

Question 41

What did Ronald Ross discover?

Answer 41

He discovered that mosquitoes transmit malaria.

Question 42

Who discovered white blood cells and phagocytosis and began the field of immunology?

Answer 42

Metchnikoff

Question 43

Who discovered the first antibiotic and when?

Answer 43

Alexander Fleming in 1928

Question 44

The Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed what?

Answer 44

S. aureus

Question 45

When was Penicillin clinically tested and mass produced?

Answer 45

In the 1940s

Question 46

Who purified penicillin as a medicine?

Answer 46

Chain and Florey

Question 47

Who invented testing for streptococcus?

Answer 47

Rebecca Lancefield

Question 48

Who discovered DNA?

Answer 48

Frederick Griffith

Question 49

Who detailed the structure of human DNA?

Answer 49

Watson and Crick

Question 50

What 3 items form DNA?

Answer 50

Deoxyribose A,T,C,G nucleic acids Phosphate

Question 51

Who discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

Answer 51

Jacob and Monod

Question 52

Who discovered the genetic structure of viruses?

Answer 52

Delbruck and Hershey

Question 53

Who performed a landmark series of experiments regarding antibody genetics?

Answer 53

Tonegawa

Question 54

Who discovered prions?

Answer 54

Prusiner