Historic Landmarks in Pharmacology

Question 1

John Newport Langley

Answer 1

• proposed that the chemical mediators released by nerve stimulation were acting on a “receptive substance” in the tissues through his experiments on skeletal muscles
• credited with the discover of drug receptors

Question 2

Thomas Elliott

Answer 2

-first to propose the concept of chemical neurotransmission when he suggested that adrenalin was secreted by the sympathetic nerves

Question 3

Paul Ehrlich

Answer 3

-chemoreceptors

Question 4

Otto Loewi

Answer 4

• used 2 frog hearts and showed that when vagus nerve of one heart was stimulated it releases a chemical which slowed the rate of the first heart (innervated) and the second heart (not stimulated)
• called this chemical vagus-stoff

Question 5

Sir Henry Dale

Answer 5

• contributions to the chemical theory of synaptic neurotransmission
• coined adrenergic and cholinergic

Question 6

1936 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology

Answer 6

Sir Henry Dale and Otto Loewi for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulse

Question 7

1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Answer 7

Paul Ehrlich and Ilya I Mechnikov in recognition of their work on immunity

Question 8

Canadian Scientists that discovered insulin in 1921-22

Answer 8

Frederick Banting, Charles Best, JJR Macleod, JB Collip

Question 9

Banting

Answer 9

• hypothesized that the pancreas released a substance that metabolized glucose
• performed experiments on dogs with grad student Best

Question 10

JB Collip

Answer 10

helped Banting and Best to make extracts that worked on the diabetic dogs

Question 11

Leonard Thompson

Answer 11

first human trial with extracts

Question 12

1923 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology

Answer 12

Frederick Banting and JJR Macleod

Question 13

Sir Alexander Fleming

Answer 13

• slob

- Feb 14th 1929, introduced penicillin obtained from mold as the first antibiotic

Question 14

Howard Florey

Answer 14

started a series of experiments with penicillin in mice and showed it can cure infections, later in humans
-with Ernst Chain

Question 15

1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology

Answer 15

Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain and Sir Howard Florey for penicillin and its curative effects

Question 16

Sir John Vane

Answer 16

-experiments on guinea pig lungs discovered mechanism by which aspirin relieves pain and reduces inflammation

Question 17

1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Answer 17

Sune K Bergstrom, Bengt I Samuelsson, and John R Vane for discovery of prostaglandins and related biologically active substances

Question 18

Sir James Black

Answer 18

• developed concept of “receptor selective drugs”
• followed method of modelling drugs based on receptor structure
• led to discovery of beta blockers and H2 receptor blockers

Question 19

1988 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology

Answer 19

Sir James Black, Gertrude B Elion, and George H Hitchings

Question 20

Robert Furchgott

Answer 20

• proposed that endothelial cells of blood vessels were releasing a substance that relaxed blood vessels
• sandwich experiment - endothelium derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide)

Question 21

1998 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology

Answer 21

Robert Furchgott, Lois J Ignarro, and Ferid Murad for discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in cardio system