Historical and Social Foundations of Music Education Flashcards
(77 cards)
Who is Guido d’Arezzo?
A choirmaster who created a systematic method to teach young boys to sing from notation. Credited with the Micrologus treatise on Medieval music, introducing the hexachordal system, 6-note scale, Guidonian Hand, and the four-line staff. Was invited by the Pope to teach his system, gaining widespread popularity.
What is the Singing School Movement?
A movement influenced by German music education that affected American schools in the early 19th century, focusing on music’s role in the mind and heart rather than professional musicianship.
Who influenced music education in America?
The Pilgrims (1620) and Puritans (1630) influenced music education in America. The Pilgrims brought the Book of Psalms by Reverend Henry Ainsworth, which became the official psalter of Plymouth.
What led to the establishment of formal music education for the public?
In New England, music education was not included in legislation but taught privately in singing schools. Concerns about declining music quality in church led to the establishment of formal music education for the public. “Singing schools made public school music possible”
What was the evolution of singing schools in America during the Industrial Revolution?
As the Industrial Revolution brought more people to cities, interest in psalmody and hymns declined, leading to urban Americans considering singing school music as unsophisticated.
What were the two methods of singing psalm tunes?
The Regular Way – singing by note or reading music, and the ‘Lining out’ Way – one person reads and teaches notation by rote.
What was Tuft’s Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes?
Fasola singing was Tuft’s own system he invented for teaching music reading – he used solmization syllables on the staff in place of traditional round notes. The system was not widely accepted, but it was an important model for later systems.
What is the Bay Psalm Book?
One of the first books printed in the English colonies, containing Calvinist church music of biblical psalms set to folk songs.
Who was William Billings?
A Yankee Composer and Singing School Reformer known for presenting ‘Four Rules for Regulating a Singing-School’ in The Singing Master’s Assistant. He wrote many psalm and folk song collections.
What were the “Four Rules for Regulating a Singing-School” according to Billings?
- Focus on class rules
- Punctuality
- Respecting the singing master
- Avoiding unnecessary conversation during rehearsal
How did William Billings help shape early American musical identity and public music instruction?
He was a pioneering American composer and educator who contributed significantly to the singing school movement, creating accessible music education resources like The Singing Master’s Assistant. His innovative choral compositions and approach to music education helped shape early American musical identity and public music instruction.
Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
He was a Swiss-born composer, music theorist, philosopher, and educator who believed in the freedom of music and child-centered learning. He proposed a new musical notation system and influenced Pestalozzi’s educational philosophy.
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau advocate for in education?
He advocated for the goodness of “natural man” and believed children should learn at their own pace, guided by senses, nature and play. He also outlined four stages of child development. His ideas on child development are presented in his book ‘Emile’ (On Education)
What are Rousseau’s 4 stages of development in children?
Infancy (0-2): the habit and training of emotions
Childhood (2-12): the necessity and the training of sense
Pre-Adolescence (12-15): utility and training of the intellect
Adolescence (15-20): The stage of morality
Who was John Amos Comenius?
He was a Bohemian leader who wrote the Great Didactic. Known as the father of modern education. He advocated for equal education for impoverished children and women, believing in the strong connection between nature, religion, and knowledge.
What were John Amos Comenius’s contributions to education?
He introduced many educational innovations, including using native languages in textbooks, a gradual learning approach, lifelong learning, and a focus on logical thinking over memorization.
What was Horace Mann’s role in education?
He was a key figure in the Common School Movement, and was the first president of the American Association for the Advancement of Education (1848). He believed in universal education and worked toward making schooling accessible to all children, regardless of their social class.
What was the Common School Movement?
The Common School Movement began in Boston and aimed to improve public education by advocating for free public schools, better teacher preparation, improved school curricula, and a more stable financial foundation for schools.
What were Pestalozzi’s educational reform purposes?
He was committed to social reform through education. Emphasized active learning. To focus on morality, citizenship, and the development of children’s moral, physical, and mental faculties.
What are Pestalozzian principles?
Though he valued music, he did not teach it but his principles influenced music education, including: Sound before sight, Active Learning, Numerous Sensory Experiences, Teach one thing at a time, practice elements first, then learn theory. Have children master something before moving on.
Who was William Channing Woodbridge?
One of the first Americans to advocate for music education in public schools and suggest it as a regular part of the curriculum. Also influenced by Pestalozzi’s principles. He wrote the first American music book incorporating these ideas.
What were Woodbridge’s beliefs on music education?
He believed vocal instruction should be a part of the public school system, and argued that music’s purpose was not only musical development, a view influenced by Fellenberg. Woodbridge highlighted the power of music throughout history, stressing its role in influencing character development and moral growth in his speeches.
What was Lowell Mason known for?
He became the first public school music teacher in 1837 (offering his services for free) and was known as the ‘father of singing among children’ in the U.S. He played a key role in having music adopted as a school subject.
What did Lowell Mason find success in?
He found success selling music books. In 1834, he published the Manual of Instruction of the Boston Academy of Music, which became a guide for music teachers, using syllables to teach music reading through drills.
