Historical Antecedents Of Science And Technoloy g Flashcards
(43 cards)
1
Q
It is defined as a precursor to the unfolding or existence of something
A
Antecedents
2
Q
- Factors that ushered in the advancement of scientific and technological inventions of modern times
- The previous state of science and technology before something more advanced was created
- Prevailing and non-tangible societal conditions which compel scientists to create or innovate
A
Historical antecedents in science and technology
3
Q
During the ancient times, knowledge and understanding were passed down through generations through _____
A
Oral tradition
4
Q
Developing science and technology was difficult during the ancient times because men focused on:
A
Survival
5
Q
Foundations of science emerged in these ancient civiliations:
A
- Mesopotamia
- Indus
- Ancient Egypt
- Ancient Greece
- Ancient China
- Ancient Rome
6
Q
- An Ancient Greek hand-powered orrery, described as the oldest example of an analogue computer
- It is akin to a clock in the way that it has a circular face and rotating hands
- One of oldest known antecedent of modern clock
A
Antikythera mechanism
7
Q
What was the Antikythera mechanism used for?
A
- Used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses decades in advance.
- For calendar and astronomical purposes
8
Q
- The most important Sumerian invention
- Grew out of a mechanical device called the potter’s wheel
A
Ancient Wheel / Sumerian Wheel
9
Q
What was Ancient Wheel used for?
A
- Shifted to 90-degree angle for transportation
- First used on carts
10
Q
Ancient Wheel led to the invention of:
A
Plow and chariot
11
Q
- A heavy flat disk made of hardened clay which was spun horizontally on an axis.
- The invention is often credited to the Sumerians since no other ancient civilization used a similar device at that time.
A
Potter’s Wheel
12
Q
- Roughly around 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians began writing on it
- A material similar to thick paper.
- It is lightweight, strong, durable and most importantly, portable.
A
Papyrus
13
Q
What is Papyrus made from?
A
- It is made from the pith of the papyrus plant cyperus papyrus from the Nile River
14
Q
- A hand-operated device used for lifting water.
-
Introduced the idea of lifting things using
counterweights.
A
Shadoof / Shaduf
15
Q
What was the Shadoof invented for?
A
- An early tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians to irrigate lands, especially along the Nile river
16
Q
- A steam-powered turbine which spun when the water container at its center was heated
- Antecedent of the steam engine
A
Aeolipile / Hero’s Engine
17
Q
Who is credited for the Aeolipile?
A
Hero of Alexandria
18
Q
- Known as the true Dark Ages
- Society transitioned from a period of reason into barbarism and ignorance
- Period marked by frequent wars and conflicts resulting in population shifts and disappearance of urban life
A
Early Middles Ages (476-1000)
19
Q
In the Early Middle Ages, _____ enabled scientific processes to exist and progress.
_____ and _____ were relevant scientific disciplines.
A
Monastic study
Mathematics & Geometry
20
Q
- Period of prolonged war between Muslims & Christians
- Led to growth in population and a shared Christian identity
A
High Middle Ages (1000-1250)
21
Q
High Middle Ages improvements:
A
- Flourishing in the trading industry because of merchants sharing cultures
- Muslims translating books from Greek to Arabic, bringing in progress on translation
- Caused stadium generale - boom in medieval universities
- Christian scholasticism and scientific method were established
22
Q
- Transition from medieval to modern society
- Multiple crises resulted in a decline in social order and depopulation
- Advancement in science arose
A
Late Middle Ages
23
Q
- One of the most important technological innovations during the middle age
- Caused agricultural revolution and European economy to flourish
- Suddenly, the fields with the heavy, fatty, and moist clay soils became those that gave the greatest yield.
A
Heavy Plough
24
Q
- Unintentional creation of Chinese alchemists who wanted to invent the elixir of life
- Since its invention, it allowed for more advanced warfare.
- Prompted the foundation for the functionality of almost every new weapon used in war since its invention
A
Gunpowder
25
The Chinese called gunpower:
*Huoyao*, or *“fire potion”*
26
First known versions of could be traced back to the **Chinese in 17th century AD** as an offshoot of the invention of **block printing**, which is similar to stamping
Paper Money
27
**Traders and merchants** eventually realized the huge advantage of using paper money because it was a **convenient form of currency** compared to the previous forms of currencies such as _____
Gold or silver coins
28
- Helped develop **clockwork technology** in the Middle Ages
- Its development paved the way for accurately **keeping track of time**
- Determines **minutes, seconds, and hours**
Mechanical Clock
29
- A machine used for *transforming* **fiber into thread or yarn** and eventually woven into cloth on a loom
- Sped up the rate at which fiber could be spun by the factor of 10 to 100 times
- Breakthrough in **linen production**
Spinning Wheel
30
- It is theorized that the _____ invented the spinning wheel between **6th and 11th century AD**
Indians
31
First blossomed in **Europe**. Manifested by a worldwide population increase, scientific findings, inventions and innovations in technology, urbanization, and globalization.
It is also divided into two sub-periods.
Modern Age
32
In this period, there was the **Great Divergence**; the West had extraordinary wealth and power.
**Independence of science** ushered in reason, rationalism, scientific inquiry which took over church and monarchy.
Early Modern Period
33
In this period, immense **social, economic, and political changes** occurred because of various **Revolutions**.
**Transportation was faster** because of the invention of **engines, ships, and railways**.
**Era of secularism** because of democracy, individual rights, urbanization, and mass media.
Late Modern Period
34
- An **important progression** from the **single lens microscope**
- Began experimenting by putting together several lenses on a tube.
Compound Microscope
35
A Dutch spectacle maker named _____ is credited for inventing Compound Microscope in 1590
Zacharias Janssen
36
- Drastically changed the **study of astronomy**
- This invention could **magnify** objects **20 times larger** than the Dutch perspective glasses
Telescope
37
Telescope was invented by:
Galileo Galilei
38
- Considered as one of the most critical drivers of the **Industrial revolution**
- Simplifies **textile manufacturing**
- Important antecedent of **modern computer technology** as it demonstrated the use of **punch cards** to instruct the machine to carry out complex tasks
Jacquard Loom
39
Jacquard Loom invented by
Joseph Marie Jacquard
40
- **Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright** are credited for designing and successfully operating it first
- Demonstrated in **Flying Machine patent** (US patent #821393) that **slightly tilted wings** worked
Engine Powered Airplane
41
Successfully **televised objects in outline** in 1924, **recognizable human faces** in 1925, and **moving objects** in 1926 and **projected colored images** in 1928
Television
42
Television was invented by
Joseph Logie Baird
43
Used Baird’s television technology for its earliest television programming in 1929
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
