historical context of mental health Flashcards
(16 cards)
3 historical views, what are they, and how they are treated and how this works
supernatural-evil spirits trapped in skull
treated by trepanning which was surgical drilling into skull therefore releasing spirits
humorism in greek culture (somatogenic- caused by body) (nature)
caused by imbalance of 4 bodily humours- blood, yellow bile, black bile and phlegm.
treated by blood letting- removal of blood to balance body, helped mental health as it improved in response to physical changes.
psychogenic-
caused by unconscious mind- negative thoughts and past trauma (holism/ nurutre)
late 19th century
treated by psychoanalysis and CBT
work with therapist to change negative thoughts to positive ones
helps by dealing with unconscious conflicts and change thought processes to improve systems.
2 definitions of abnormality ,example and cons of definitions
a person who deviates from social norms like laws, guidelines and societal pressures
for example OCD like excessive checking locks which are seen as extreme in society
cons- ethnocentric as diff cultures have diff social norms,
era dependent and creates unfair law systems, ppl improsoned who are mentally ill.
someone who fails to function adequatly
for example an alcoholic may not be able to have a job
cons- someone may have FFA due to physical disability + ethnocentric, may look diff depending on what culture someone is in.
what is somatogenic explanation
20th century
mental illness found to be result of brain disruption, brain damage, genetics and more physical processes
treated by ECT and psychosurgery
treating physical causes releives symptoms
how is mental disorders categorised
DSM-V 5 used in USA, has 157 disorders
ICD-10 used mainly in Europe
4 factors explaining validity of diagnosing mental disorders
language barrier- lacks internal
emberassment and social stigma leading to SDB- low internal
cultural relativism, both westernised- lacks pop validity
gender biases, subjectivity- low internal
Rosenhan aim, sample, and research method
aim- test hypothesis that psychiatrists cant reliably tell difference between people who are sane and insane
research method- field, and participant observation.
In 12 psychiatric hospitals in 5 states of America
sample- 8 psuedo patients these included:
- psych grad in his 20s
- 3 psychologists
- paediatrician
- a psychiatrist
- Rosenhan
-painter
-housewife
opportunity sampling was used
Rosenhan procedure Part 1
pseudo patient called hospital and said they had been hearing voices which is the same sex as them but unfamiliar
said voices were unclear but words like “empty” “hollow” and “thud”
gave false name and job but all other details were real like life experiences
psuedo patients understood only way to be released was by convincing staff they were sane
0 was detected as being sane and all admitted
7 admitted with SZ
1 with BPD
diagnosis made without one clear symptom
once admitted, all dropped act of insanity however was nervous
spent time writing notes about observations, like how they were treated and how they felt
done discretely at first but no one cared
Rosenhan results part 1
none detected as sane, 7 with SZ and 1 with BPD
all disliked experience and wanted to be released immediately
stayed average of 19 days
35/118 patients voiced suspicions of psuedo patients but 0
“youre not crazy. youre a journalist, or a professor. youre cheking up on the hospital”
evidence for stickiness of labels-
when pacing out of boredm- was asked if nervous
when writing notes on behaviour- described as “engaging in writing behaviour”
when waiting outside cafeteria before lunch- “oral acquisitive syndrome”
comparison-
in 4 hospitals, patient asked staff when they get discharged
compared to a uni student in stanford asking professor
pseudo patients were treated as invisble and ignored whereas all students were acknowledged and responded
hospitalisation caused pseudo patients to feel depersonalisation and powerless
nurses spent 90% of time in offices
Rosenhan procedure part 2
staff of hospital falsely informed during next 3 months, one of more pseudo patients would attempt to be admitted
was asked on 10 point scale likelihood of each new patient being fake
Rosenhan results part 2
10% of patients was judged by one psychiatrist and another staff member to be pseudo
type one error
Rosenhans conclusions
psychiatrists are unable to reliably identify sane pseudo patients
psychiatrists fail to reliably detect insanity
rosenhan free will vs determinsim
free will- pps was only able to leave institution when convinced nurses they were sane, dependent on how much effort they put into convincing
determinsim- stickiness of labels, predetermined by disordr
rosenhan usefulness
changes way ppl are being diagnosed as proved incorrect
means ppl will receive correct treatment needed
affective disorder 5 marker
broad term for mental illness which affects mood
for example depression
symptoms include feeling sad, trouble sleeping or sleeping too much, loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, thoughts of death and suicide
for a diagnosis, symtpoms must last 2 weeks
anxiety disorder 5 marker
continious feeling of fear that has negative impact on daily life
for example a phobia which is intense, irrational and persistent fear
symptoms like hindering ability to function normally, impairs social life and work, not age appropriate, provokes immediate fear or anxiety
symtpoms last 6 months or more
psychotic disorder 5 marker
involves a loss of contact with reality
fror example SZ
can be positive symptoms like hallucinations, hearing voices, delusions
or negative symtpoms like loss of ability to speak, express emotions or make plans
as well as disorganization and impaird cognition
for a diagnosis, patient must display one positive sympton with another symtpom for a month.
