historical development of educational technology

Question 1

______ is a multifaceted and integrated process involving people, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization, where technology from different fields of science is borrowed as per the need and requirement of education for implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning.

Answer 1

Educational technology

Question 2

Educational technology, broadly speaking, has
passed through _____ stages.

Answer 2

five

Question 3

_____ is coupled with the use of aids like charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens, and concrete materials.

Answer 3

the first stage of educational technology

Question 4

In the first stage, the term educational technology was used as synonyms to _____.

Answer 4

audio-visual aids

Question 5

_____ is associated with the electronic revolution with the
introduction and establishment of sophisticated
hardware and software.

Answer 5

the second stage of educational technology

Question 6

In the _____, use of various audio-visual aids like projectors, magic lanterns, tape-recorders, radio, and television brought a revolutionary change in the educational scenario.

Answer 6

the second stage of educational technology

Question 7

_____ is linked with the development of mass media which in turn led to ‘communication revolution’ for instructional
purposes.

Answer 7

the third stage of educational technology

Question 8

_____ used for education since the 1950s also became
popular during this era (the third stage).

Answer 8

Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI)

Question 9

_____ is discernible by the individualized process of
instruction.

Answer 9

the fourth stage of educational technology

Question 10

In the fourth stage, the invention of _____ provided a new
dimension to educational technology.

Answer 10

programmed learning and programmed instruction

Question 11

_____ is influenced by the concept of system engineering or
system approach which focuses on language laboratories, teaching machines, programmed instruction, multimedia technologies, and the use of the computer in instruction.

Answer 11

the latest concept of educational technology

Question 12

According to it (the latest concept?), _____ is a systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of teaching and learning in terms of specific objectives based on research.

Answer 12

educational technology

Question 13

_____ can be traced back to the time of the three-age system periodization of human prehistory; namely the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age.

Answer 13

educational technology

Question 14

During _____, ignition of fire by rubbing stones, manufacture of various handmade weapons and utensils from stones, and clothing practice were some of the simple technological developments of utmost importance.

Answer 14

the Stone Age

Question 15

Neolithic period

Answer 15

the later Stone Age period

Question 16

_____ can be considered as the first steps in mining technology.

Answer 16

digging underground tunnels

Question 17

_____ were so effective that even after the appearance of bronze and iron, people used them for clearing forests and the establishment of crop farming.

Answer 17

the polished axes

Question 18

Although Stone Age cultures left no written records, _____ proved their shift from nomadic life to agricultural settlement.

Answer 18

archaeological evidence

Question 19

_____ resulted in the appearance of the Bronze Age with the
development of agriculture, animal domestication, and the adoption of permanent settlements.

Answer 19

the Neolithic Revolution of the Stone Age

Question 20

For these practices, Bronze Age people further developed metal smelting, with copper and later _____, an alloy of tin and copper, being the materials of their choice.

Answer 20

bronze

Question 21

The Iron Age people replaced bronze and developed the knowledge of _____ technology to lower the cost of living since iron utensils were stronger and cheaper than bronze
equivalents.

Answer 21

iron smelting

Question 22

The _____ replaced bronze and developed the knowledge of iron smelting technology to lower the cost of living since iron utensils were stronger and cheaper than bronze equivalents.

Answer 22

Iron Age people

Question 23

In many Eurasian cultures, the _____ was the last period before the development of written scripts.

Answer 23

the Iron Age

Question 24

According to _____, Educational technology can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systematized bodies of knowledge and ancient cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information.

Answer 24

Paul Saettler (2004)

Question 25

In every stage of human civilization, one can find an _____ or set of procedures intended to implement a particular culture which were also supported by a number of investigations and evidences.

Answer 25

instructional technique

Question 26

The greatest advances in technology and engineering came with the rise of the _____.

Answer 26

ancient civilizations

Question 27

The _____ was an early Bronze Age civilization which was located in the northwestern region of the Indian Subcontinent.

Answer 27

Indus Valley Civilization

Question 28

This civilization primarily flourished around the Indus River basin of the Indus and the Punjab region, extending up to the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab (most of the part is under today’s Pakistan and the western states of modern-day India as well as some part of the civilization extending up to southeastern Afghanistan, and the easternmost part of Balochistan, Iran).

Answer 28

Indus Valley Civilization

Question 29

What is the main controversy regarding the language of the Harappan people?

Answer 29

The long-term controversy about the Harappan language revolves around whether their script is pictographic.

Question 30

This script appears to have had about 400 basic signs, with lots of variations.

Answer 30

what seems to be the Harappan people's pictographic script

Question 31

What seems to be the Harappan people's pictographic script appears to have had about _____ basic signs, with lots of variations.

Answer 31

400

Question 32

The Harappan people write their script with the direction generally from: a. from left to right b. from right to left

Answer 32

b. from right to left

Question 33

They were the first in the world to develop a system of uniform weights and measures.

Answer 33

the Harappan people

Question 34

What did the 2009 study by P. N. Rao et al., published in Science, suggest about the Indus script?

Answer 34

Its pattern resembles that of spoken language, supporting the idea that it represents an unknown language.

Question 35

According to the Chinese Civilization, some of the major techno-offerings from China include what? Give at least one.

Answer 35

any of the following: paper, early seismological detectors, toilet paper, matches, iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the suspension bridge, the wheelbarrow, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief map, the blast furnace, the propeller, the crossbow, the South Pointing Chariot, and gunpowder

Question 36

How did the invention of paper contribute to the development of educational technology in Chinese civilization?

Answer 36

It helped in making handmade paper products used as visual aids.

Question 37

_____ was at one point one of the longest surviving and used languages in the world.

Answer 37

Ancient Egyptian language

Question 38

This script was made up of pictures of the real things like birds, animals, different tools, etc.

Answer 38

Ancient Egyptian language

Question 39

What was the script of the ancient Egyptian language called, which consisted of pictures representing real objects like birds, animals, and tools?

Answer 39

hieroglyphs

Question 40

Ancient Egyptian language was made up of above _____ hieroglyphs which are known as _____.

Answer 40

500; hieroglyphics

Question 41

What provides evidence of the existence of artistic hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt?

Answer 41

stone monuments and tombs

Question 42

Paper and _____, which was developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, was carried to the Middle East and spread to the Mediterranean by the Muslim conquests.

Answer 42

the pulp papermaking process

Question 43

Paper and the pulp papermaking process, which was developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, was carried to the Middle East and spread to the Mediterranean by _____.

Answer 43

the Muslim conquests

Question 44

Evidence supports that _____ was also established in Sicily in the 12th century.

Answer 44

a paper mill

Question 45

Evidence supports that a paper mill was also established in _____ in the 12th century.

Answer 45

Sicily

Question 46

_____ increased the productivity of the thread-making process to a great extent.

Answer 46

the discovery of the spinning wheel

Question 47

Who played a key role in advancing the spinning wheel by linking it to an increasing supply of rags, contributing to the development of printing technology?

Answer 47

Lynn White

Question 48

What was a key outcome of combining the spinning wheel with an increasing supply of rags?

Answer 48

the production of cheap paper

Question 49

_____ was a prime factor in the development of printing technology.

Answer 49

the production of cheap paper

Question 50

The invention of _____ took place approximately in 1450 AD by Johannes Gutenberg, a German inventor.

Answer 50

the printing press

Question 51

Who is credited with the invention of the printing press around 1450 AD?

Answer 51

Johannes Gutenberg

Question 52

The invention of _____ was a prime developmental factor in the history of educational technology to convey instruction as per the need of the complex and advanced-technology cultured society.

Answer 52

the printing press

Question 53

During the pre-industrial phase, how was industry primarily carried out?

Answer 53

as handwork at the artisan level

Question 54

Which of the following instructional tools were commonly used during the pre-industrial phase? a. Digital tablets and projectors b. The slate, the horn book, the blackboard, and chalk c. Printed textbooks and e-books d. Typewriters and computers

Answer 54

b. The slate, the horn book, the blackboard, and chalk

Question 55

In the pre-industrial phases, _____ was considered synonymous with simple aids like charts and pictures.

Answer 55

educational technology

Question 56

The year _____ may be considered a landmark in the early history of the technology of education or audio-visual education.

Answer 56

1873

Question 57

An exhibition was held in _____ at an international level in which an American school won the admiration of the educators for the exhibition of maps, charts, textbooks, and other equipment.

Answer 57

Vienna

Question 58

An internationally renowned child educator and the originator of the Montessori Method?

Answer 58

Maria Montessori (1870-1952)

Question 59

_____ exerted a dynamic impact on educational technology through her development of graded materials designed to provide for the proper sequencing of subject matter for each individual learner.

Answer 59

Maria Montessori (1870-1952)

Question 60

Which statement best describes the relationship between modern educational technology and Montessori’s approach? a. Modern educational technology contradicts Montessori’s idea of a child-centered environment. b. Montessori’s approach discourages the use of educational technology in learning. c. Modern educational technology expands on Montessori’s idea of a prepared child-centered environment. d. Montessori’s method is outdated and replaced by modern educational technology.

Answer 60

c. Modern educational technology expands on Montessori’s idea of a prepared child-centered environment.

Question 61

In _____, Charles Babbage’s design of a general-purpose computing device laid the foundation of the modern computer, and in 1943, the first computing machine as per his design was constructed by International Business Machines Corporation in the USA.

Answer 61

1833

Question 62

In 1833, whose design of a general-purpose computing device laid the foundation of the modern computer?

Answer 62

Charles Babbage

Question 62

In _____, the first computing machine as per Charles Babbage’s design was constructed by International Business Machines Corporation in the USA.

Answer 62

1943

Question 63

In 1943, the first computing machine as per Charles Babbage’s design was constructed by _____ in the USA.

Answer 63

International Business Machines Corporation

Question 64

Who developed the Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) and the Talking Typewriter in 1966?

Answer 64

O.K. Moore

Question 65

What is the primary function of the computer in Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI)?

Answer 65

The computer functions essentially as a tutor.

Question 66

In what year were the Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) and the Talking Typewriter developed?

Answer 66

1966

Question 67

Since _____, computers have been interestingly used in education in schools, colleges, and universities.

Answer 67

1974

Question 68

At _____, there were noteworthy changes in the field of education.

Answer 68

the beginning of the 19th century

Question 69

Which organization started school broadcasts in 1920 and contributed to formal education?

Answer 69

the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

Question 70

In what year did the BBC begin its school broadcasts?

Answer 70

1920

Question 71

In the USA, by 1952, ____ states had provisions for educational broadcasting.

Answer 71

20

Question 72

In the USA, by _____, 20 states had provisions for educational broadcasting.

Answer 72

1952

Question 73

In the USA, by 1952, 20 states had provisions for educational broadcasting. Parallel to this time, about _____ of the schools in the United Kingdom were equipped with radios, and there were regular daily programmes.

Answer 73

98%

Question 74

A psychologist at Ohio State University who developed a self-teaching machine called the ‘Drum Tutor’ in 1920?

Answer 74

Sidney L. Pressey

Question 75

In his 1945 article Science of Learning and Art of Teaching, what did Professor Skinner advocate for in education?

Answer 75

applying behavioral psychology to teaching methods

Question 76

What teaching method did Professor Skinner suggest as a means of applying behavioral psychology in the classroom?

Answer 76

automated teaching devices

Question 77

Where was the first practical use of regular television broadcasts?

Answer 77

Germany

Question 78

In what year were the Olympic Games in Berlin broadcasted through television stations?

Answer 78

1936

Question 79

Open-circuit television was primarily used for entertainment broadcasting starting in 1936. True or false?

Answer 79

False (It was primarily used for entertainment broadcasting in 1950.)

Question 80

The first practical use of regular television broadcasts was in _______ in the year _______.

Answer 80

Germany; 1929

Question 81

Since _____, television has been used for educational purposes.

Answer 81

1960

Question 82

Who(?) was the first to use educational technological steps in 1950?

Answer 82

Brynmor (in England)

Question 83

What event in 1960 led other countries to progress in educational technology?

Answer 83

the industrial revolution in America and Russia

Question 84

Brynmor used educational technological steps for the first time in America in 1950. True or false?

Answer 84

False (It was in England.)

Question 85

Why was there an urgent need for educational technology in America around the 1950s?

Answer 85

a steep shortage of teachers

Question 86

Who introduced mass production technology in American education?

Answer 86

Dr. Alvin C. Eurich and Dr. Alexander J. Stoddard

Question 87

Dr. Alexander J. Stoddard was the first to introduce mass production technology in American education. True or false?

Answer 87

False (Dr. Alvin C. Eurich introduced it first, and Dr. Stoddard followed later.)

Question 88

Dr. Alvin C. Eurich and a little later his associate, Dr. Alexander J. Stoddard, introduced _____ in America.

Answer 88

mass production technology

Question 89

Where did team teaching first start as part of an internship plan in 1955?

Answer 89

Harvard University

Question 90

Who introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives in 1956?

Answer 90

Benjamin Bloom

Question 91

Team teaching originated in America in the late 1940s. True or false?

Answer 91

False (It originated in the mid-1950s.)

Question 92

_____ introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives.

Answer 92

Benjamin Bloom

Question 93

In _____, the micro-teaching technique was first adopted by Dwight W. Allen and his co-workers at Stanford University in the USA.

Answer 93

1961

Question 94

In 1961, _____ was first adopted by Dwight W. Allen and his co-workers at Stanford University in the USA.

Answer 94

the micro-teaching technique

Question 95

In 1961, the micro-teaching technique was first adopted by _____ and his co-workers at Stanford University in the USA.

Answer 95

Dwight W. Allen

Question 96

_____ is the main technology being developed in the beginning of the 21st century.

Answer 96

electronics