historical geography Flashcards
(49 cards)
three major historical events on nature of Canadian society
- arrival of the first people
- colonization of North America from france and england
- influx of people from central europe and russia
societal faultine
economic, social, and political cracks that divide regions
4 major faultlines of canada
- regional (centralist/ decentralist)
- Quebec
- Indigenous minority
- immigration faultline
how did the first people arrive to north america
- arrived via Bering land bridge
- were hunters originating from siberia in around 23- 24 000 BP
major ice sheets of canada
- cordillera ice sheet
- laurentide ice sheet
- innuitian ice sheet
what are the three paleo-indian groups
- they were descendants of old world hunters
1. clovis: 13.5-12.5 thousand years ago - make up about 80% of the north american indigenous population
2. folsum: 11-10.2 thousand years ago
3. plano: 10-8 thousand years ago
paleo-Indian culture areas are defined by (2)
- a common set of natural conditions
- common set of hunting, fishing and food gathering techniques and tools
what are the 7 paleo-indian cultural areas
- north-west coast
- western subarctic
- easter subarctic
- plateau
- plains
- eastern woodlands
- arctic
how many language families and languages were there at contact?
11 language families
55 languages
key points of the plains Indian
- migratory
- one chief per group
- bison was main food
_______ indigenous people in canada at european contact and dropped to _______
500 000 & 100 000
ethnocentricity
viewpoint that ones ethnic groups is central and superior, providing a standard at which all other groups are judged
Treaty Indians only obtained the vote for federal elections in ____
1960
what is the royal proclamation
1763
constitutional framework for treaty negotiation
haldiman grant 1784
first major indigenous land grant
granted 950 000 acres which only 4% remain
what was the purpose of the Indian acts
- assimilate Indigenous people
- allowed them to have band councils but they had little power
- take control of their resources and finances and enforce laws
what was different from the royal proclamation and Indian act
- indigenous groups were no longer viewed as the same as others in the political system
- act maintained and broadened the system of enfranchisement
what is a treaty
set aside reserve land, held collectively by and for the benefit of the band, which was owned by the Crown
what were the reasons for treaties from both sides
GOVT
- to have people spread out on the land
- not to have people fighting like in the states
- allies
INDIGENOUS
- were promised land
- provided safety while switching ways of life
major areas of canada that did not have treaties
- atlantic canada
- quebec
- territorial north
- british columbia
what was the white paper
statement from the government on the Indian policy, was canada’s last effort at trying to assimilate Indigenous people
three main principles of the white paper
- to eliminate treaty rights
- to transfer responsibility for Indian people to the provinces
- to eliminate the department of Indian affairs and the Indian act
three attempts at a new Indigenous policy
- Misga’s land claim
- proposed Mackenzie Valley Pipeline project
- James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
beaver fur
- became very popular and extinct in european fashion to the point where the beaver was virtually extinct in Europe
- originally hunted in Canadian shield and upper canada
