Historical Perspectives On Disability And Sport Flashcards
(25 cards)
Historically, what fid it mean to be different?
What was the double standard?
It meant to be destroyed, tortured, exorcised, sterilized, ignored, exiled, etc…
Physicalvs.mental (MR vs. MI)
iClicker: which of these groups received the worst treatment throughout most of history?
c) mental illness
Survival and Superstition ( 3000 to 500 B.C), what was the concept of survival?
What did they believe during that time and age?
- Survival of the Fittest
- Superstition
During Humanitarian Reform ( 500 B.C to 400 A.D), what was the doctrine at that time?
What was the double standard?
What kind of treatment people with mental impairments received?
What kind of evolution occurred at that time?
- Doctrine of the survival of the fittest.
- The double standard was… those who became physically impaired in battle where honoured but those w/ physical impairments were ignored.
- Treatments for ppl w/ mental impairments= purification, exorcism, etc..
- Evolution in understanding of mental illness.
How did Hippocrates describe mental illness?
What did plato advocate for people with mental impairments ?
- Hippocrates described mental illness as a disease of natural causes
- Plato advocated for care, cure for mental illness involving physical activity, massage, hydrotherapy. (= Combination of medication & physical activity is a good combination and has a lot more benefits)
During Judeo-Christian Influence ( A.D. 400-1500), what was the influence of Religion?
What kind of environment did individuals with disabilities (physical & mental) survive in?
What was the double standard at the time?
- Religion influence: increased the level of acceptance, understanding, humanitarian treatment of people with disabilities.
- Protective environment of monasteries & royal courts.
- Double standard:MI=> possessed by devil, mental retardation=> “Children of God”
During the Influence of Science and Medicine (16th-17th Centuries),
- what happened to people with mental illness?
- Who received education?
- Who received good treatment? and how were they perceived?
- they were persecuted
- deaf children of the noble birth
- people with Mental Retardation, perceived as a burden on society.
iClicker: who was the first to develop a system in which the physical, intellectual & moral development of the child was stressed?
Edouard Seguin
During Initial Acceptance (18th century),
- what was the transition that occured?
- what was the influence of the French revolution?
- What kind of schools appeared by the end of the 18th century?
- fear, superstition, hostility to compassion & education
- individual responsibility & human treatment for people with mental illness
- Schools for blind & deaf children
iClicker: In which period individuals w/ disabilities were no longer viewed as the work of Satan & were allowed to survive
- Initial acceptance
During the beginnings of Educational Treatment (19th century),
- What did Jean Marc Itard show?
- What did Eduard Seguin led?
- What was the notion of Residential institutions?
- Jean Marc Itard: Children w/ severed MR could be taught & improved functioning could result.
- Edouard Seguin: Educational system in which the physical, intellectual & moral development of the child was stressed.
- Residential institutions for people w/ MR & deaf& blind persons throughout USA ( European influence)
During Social Reform (20th century),
- how was the period of social reform viewed as towards individuals with disabilities?
- What was the effects from the two world wars?
- Emergence of concern about disability from fields of education, psychology and medicine.
- Quest for quantification of disability & individuals (IQ test)
- Positive effects from the two world wars upon attitudes about persons with disabilities.
iClicker: which of the following is not an effect of the two world wars?
a) none of the above (they are all effects produced by the world wars)
- What are the new trends?
- At some point in time, individuals with disabilities will not be considered as”_____” but_________.
- What kind of concept is this?
- Progressive inclusion and acceptance i.e: commonwealth games.
- Hope that individuals with disabilities will not be considered as” Surplus population” but, rather individuals who can and will contribute to the betterment of society.
- concept of “ true inclusion”
What is the Disablement Model (according to the WHO definition)?
Disablement Model=>Trauma or Disease=>Impairment=>Disability=>Handicap.
What is a trauma?
Injury to living tissue caused by an extrinsic agent.
- i.e: TBI, amputation, SCI
What is a Disease (active pathology)?
Interruption of normal cellular processes.
- i.e: cancer, Parkinson’s, Diabetes, heart disease, stroke, etc..
What is an impairment, physiologic impairments? give examples for musculoskeletal system, pulmonary system and neuromuscular system.
Loss or abnormality at the tissue, organ, or body system levels.
- Musculoskeletal system: muscular atrophy (decrease in ROM=flexibility), decrease in bone mass, muscle strength, inflammation, etc..
- Pulmonary system: loss of a lung, decrease in breathing capacity
- Neuromuscular system: demyelination, decrease in balance, coordination, proprioception.
What is a Disability?
Any restriction or lack of ability to perform a task or an activity in the manner considered normal for a person, such as disturbance in basic activities of daily living. (i.e: shower, driving a car, etc..)
What is a Handicap?
A disadvantage resulting from an impairment or disability that limits or prevents fulfillment of an individual’s role.(= cannot play the role they used to do)
- i.e: mother cannot give a bath to her baby
What are the key points of World Wars?
- increase in the # of ppl w/ disability, 2. increase in health services.
What are the significant events in parasport sport chronology: international perspectives?
- First sports club for the Deaf (Berlin)
- First international Silent Games (Paris)
- Sir Ludwig Guttman established the Spinal Injuries Centre of the Stoke Mandeville Hospital (England)= war veterans
- First Stoke Mandeville Games for the Paralysed (England)
- International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation (ISMWSF)
- International Sport Organization for Disabled (ISOD) (amputation and locomotor disabilities=problem walking)
- First male wheelchair entrant in Boston Marathon
- First female wheelchair entrant in Boston Marathon
- & 8. => =integration. Could be used as a model for the Olympics
1 .What are the key point for the chronology of Paralympic games?
2. What is the first impairment in the Paralympic Games?
- 1985 negotiation b/w IPC & IOC ( same city as the olympics)
IPC: international paralympic commitee
IOC: international olympic commitee
- Spinal cord injury
What is the IPC mandate?
- To promote elite sports for athletes with disabilities.
2. to integrate these athletes to the olympics.
