History 102 Final Flashcards
(32 cards)
1
Q
Anglo-Afghan Wars
A
- Prelude to WWI (1914-1918)
- Afghanistan is graveyard of empires
- Empires were fighting for control and influence of the area and came into conflict with native people
- Small war that was a prelude to WWI
2
Q
Hostage Crisis
A
- Turning point in Iranian Revolution where it became an anti-American movement
- November 1979 to January 1981
- Iranians took in American hostages and held them for two years
- They were released the day Ronald Reagan became president
- These Iranian radicals believed that using their religion could oppress the American globalization
- Start of Islamic radicalism which is a movement that is sweeping the world in today’s society
3
Q
Afrikaners
A
- Ethnic group in South Africa that descended from Dutch settlers who arrived in the 17/18th century
- Well known for fighting in the Boer War against British
- Undermined British imperil vision and military power
- Associated with oppression of apartheid (state of being apart)in South Africa
- Make up 5% of South Africa’s population and reside in many places throughout the world
4
Q
Fascism
A
- Mixed nationalism with social radicalism
- Sparked and flourished throughout Europe b/c of Great Depression undermining capitalism and parliaments
- Rose to popularity in Europe in 1920s
- Originated from extreme right-wing parties in countries that were angered be the Treaty of Versailles
- Nationalist view based on the idea that one’s nation is superior to others and that it must realize its fate by expanding national borders
- Significant b/c it’s concept of the state and nation as always being more significant than the individual
- Soon became major govt system in Europe while democracy became minority
5
Q
Massacre of Amritsar
A
- April 1919 in Amritsar, India
- Occurred during a peaceful, nonviolent protest
- Celebrating Baisakhi (religious and cultural festival)
- Protesters were fired upon by troops of the British India Army
- Killing 379 innocents
- Caused reevaluation of nation’s army
- Spurred move for Indian independence and Ghandi became a figurehead for nationalism in India
- General Dyer led the British army to open fire on India protesters
- This was a turning point that fueled India’s desire for independence from British
6
Q
Mexican Revolution
A
- Started out as an absolute monarchy that went under revolution and came out a democratic republic
- 1910-1917
- Ended when a constitution was put into the new govt and consisted of number of reforms such as labor rights, sovereignty, land distribution, etc
- Women embraced shorter hair and dresses
- Global significance was the total transformation that Mexio went through
- Inspired by merican revolution
7
Q
Decolonization in Algeria
A
- 1954-1962
- Caused by unfair treatment of Algerians in North Africa who were seeking independence from French Rule
- Although part of France, they were denied many rights that Euros had
- Algerians began to attack the French police and moved to planting bombs in highly populated areas to make a statement
- French didn’t take threats lightly; wanted to assert dominance in North Africa
- The two countries went back and forth attacking and terrorizing each other with no limits
- Algeria gained independence in 1962
8
Q
Mao Zedong
A
- Founding father and chairman of the PRC (founded in 1949)
- Wanted China to have a spot on the global stage
- Goes back to the Treaty of Versailles b/c China was also left off the negotiation table
- Many students and radicals were disappointed in Chinese govt for their failure to fight for their right for a say
- Mao went on long march and gained a lot of supporters for China to become communist
- Significance is an example of a country gaining independence via civil war
9
Q
Woodrow Wilson
A
- 29th President
- Served from 1913-1921
- At TOV he advocated 14 Points which set the idea for new world order
- Called for establishment of League of Nations (an international body made from representatives sent from ll over the world)
- Wilson stood for the people of the world and equality between nations
- Small nations were left out of plan
- Wilson made US a world power and pushed equality and democracy even though the US wasn’t equal (African Americans, women)
- Contradiction b/c he himself instituted many racist policies (segregation)
- Introduced America as a world power
- Developed liberal imperial internationalism
10
Q
Mohandas Ghandi
A
- Extremely important in gaining India’s independence in 1947
- India was a negotiated independence movement post WWII
- Advocated peaceful protest and civil obedience
- MLK Jr. was inspired by Ghandi’s peaceful ways during the Civil Rights Movement in US
- Ghandi argued that India should not be a western nation state
- According to him, India had been corrupted by the industrial revolution
- Wanted India to adopt Swadeshi (local self-govt in small communities)
- Envisioned self-reliant autonomous, self-governed patriarchal system
11
Q
Nicholas II
A
- Tsar of Russia
- Last absolute monarchy
- Reigned until 1917
- Between 1905-1917 there were three revolutions in Russia
- His subjects peacefully wanted reform
- Ordered police to fire upon them
- Helped spark the Bolshevik Revolution
- Issued October Manifesto to elect a Duma who would be elected by the people but essentially had no power
- His rule led to the creation of Soviet Russia
12
Q
Perestroika
A
- 1985-1991
- Political movement for the reformation of the Communist party in the Soviet Union led by Gorbachev
- Involved the restructuring of political and economic system of the SU
- Goal was not to end the command economy but to make socialism more efficiently and meet the needs of Soviet consumers
- Gorbachev’s reforms: price controls, exclusion of owning private property, and govt monopoly over most means of production
13
Q
Comfort Women
A
- 1940
- Women and girls forced to become sex slaves for Jap soldiers during WWII
- Taken by force
- Comfort stations were created b/c Jap soldiers were committing random acts of violence and raping women
- Govt thought comfort women were the key to preventing the crimes
- On avg. a women would be forced to have sex 50+ times a day
- This occurrence is glossed over in history books because the Jap wants themselves to be seen as victims only
- It is the job of historians to remember this event
14
Q
Iranian Revolution
A
- In Islamic Middle East during the 1970s, global markets and social dislocations undermined secular leadership
- Many believed that modernizing and westernizing their programs would lead to materialism and individualism
- Many opposed Shh Mohammad Rez Pahlvi, who had been enjoying US technical and military support since Americans placed him on the throne
- His police force had crushed all previous challenges to authority
- His abuse of power would eventually catch up with him
- In 1979, Shh would flee the country and Khomeini established theocratic state ruled by a c ouncil of Islamic clerics
- Iranians were not happy about his return
- Women lost status, loss of relations in the west, failure to institute democratic procedures
- Most took pride in inspiring revolution based on principle other than ones drawn from the west
- One of a kind revolution b/c it was not based on Soviet, US, or west Europe models
- Went against the grind and called for the overthrow of capitalism, American influence, and social injustice for the Middle East
15
Q
Provisional Government (Russia)
A
- From March-November 1917 after Nicholas II was overthrown
- Only time in history when Russia knew a democracy (they had only known monarchy)
- More moderate than the Petrograd Soviet
- WWI was still happening
- Prov. Govt wanted to continue the war into victory for Russia whereas the Soviets wanted democratic peace and out of war
- Lenin came back to Russia to stir trouble b/c he did not like the Prov. Govt b/s it wasn’t radical enough for him
- Lenin began pushing for another revolution so that communism could take over
- He gained a lot of support from workers and peasants
- Prov. Govt was overthrown during Bolshevik revolution and communism took over Russia
- The Prov. Govt showed that in a country with many poor people, democracy wouldn’t work
- Communism appealed to people more esp. when there was a lot of poverty in the country
- Also showed how easily a govt can be overthrown
16
Q
Liberal Imperial Internationalism
A
- Foreign policy that argues that liberal states should intervene in other sovereign states in order to pursue liberal objectives
- The term liberal only belongs to those who had self-determination
- This term is hierarchial global order
- Coined to describe the global order after WWII and TOV
- Developed by Woodrow Wilson in 1910s
17
Q
Marshall Tito
A
- Become president of Yugoslavia in 1953
- Directed the rebuilding of Yugoslavia devastated from WWII
- Communist leader who supported revolutionary change
- Developed Yugoslav Communist Party
- Organization of the most effective resistance movement in the history of communism
- Between 1945-1948 he led his country through an extreme form of dictatorship in order to mold Yugoslavia into a state modeled after the Soviet Union
- Very inspiring ruler who influenced individuals to this day
18
Q
Bolshevik Revolution
A
- Third and final revolution of the three Russian revolutions
- Bolshevik party successfully overthrew the “dual power” provisional govt established in March 1917
- Lenin was able to transform Russian into a bourgeois democratic govt to a proletariat socialist govt
- With the establishment of the USSR as an ideological and economic power, global, and international politics changed dramatically leading up to WWII
- Led to other communist revolutions in China, North Korea, Vietnam, and Cuba later in the 20th century
19
Q
American Occupation of Japan
A
- After WWII the US led the allies in the occupation and rehabilitation of Japan
- 1945-1952, the US led by General MacArthur, enacted widespread military, political, economic, and social reforms
- US was trying to democratize Japan
- Significant because it is linked to European occupation in African and Asian countries
- American occupation was clearly more peaceful and beneficial to the citizens of Japan
20
Q
Treaty of Versailles
A
-1919 ended WWI
-Brought up by the League of Nations
-System of reparations that would cripple countries such as Germany
-Obliged “The Big Four”
-The foreign delegates left Versailles feelings as if Wilson’s principles weren’t equal
-Put America center stage in the world
-
21
Q
Five Year Plan
A
- 1928
- Stalin launched this
- Aim was to erase all traces of capitalism and to expedite the collectivization of farms under new economic policy
- Plan sounded great with Soviet Union boasting about full employment and an economy immune from downturns
- Brought out devastating effects
- Resulted in a famine killing 10 million people who were believed loyal to the Communist party
- Five Year Plan was succeeded in rapidly industrializing Russia
- In the future Russia would implement other five year plans devoted to improving the communist Soviet Union
- Had a direct impact on the formation of a communist modernizing Russia and showed the world what communism was about
22
Q
Cuban Missile Crisis
A
- During the Cold War
- 1962
- After the Cuban Revolution and the taking over of power by Castro
- Cuban transformed into a communist state
- Unsettling b/c it was the closest enemy that US had
- First real test for JFK as president
- Nuclear was was very idea
- CMC was the biggest move against American globalization
23
Q
Stalinist Terror and Great Purges
A
- Stalin gained power in 1924
- Imprisoned citizens who were believed to be anti-communist
- Five Year Plan was written
- Aimed to employ and void the mishaps of the unregulated market
- Resulted in low productivity, enormous waster and caused a famine in Russia as well as Ukraine
- Sig. b/c 750,000 people were deported and this inhibited Russia’s ability to be sufficient in WWII
- Showed Stalin didn’t really care about his people
24
Q
Mussolini
A
- Comes to power in 1924
- Mussolini didn’t target a specific population and kept big business in order as providing strong militarization
- Gained support of military leaders in Italy
- Guided the Fascist Italian state under his idea of creating an empire and the fascist tendency to glorify action and conflict
- While he did introduce many repressive measures (no freedom of press, disbanding of labor unions, and the arrest of political opponents)
- He left big businesses alone
- Only interested in his own personal power and his own totalitarian state
25
Gorbachev
- Elected as president and the 8th and final leader of the Soviet Union in 1990
- Worked to create reforms that he believed would improve the Soviet standards of living w/ his ideas of "glasnost" and "perestroika" (openness and restructure)
- Attempted to establish a market economy that was more socially oriented
- Promoted more peaceful international relations
- Proved to be instrumental in ending Cold War
- Played crucial role in the fall of the Berlin Wall
- Involved in Germany unification
26
Boris Yeltsin
- First president of the Russian Federation from 1991-1999
- Vowed to transform Russia's socialist economy into a capitalist market economy
- Transformed the govt from a few big people holding everything into a bunch of different monopolies
- Russia suffered from inflation, economic collapse, and political/social problems
- Yeltsin scrapped the existing Russian constitution and banned political opposition
- Connected globally with the decline of Russia no longer being a "super power"
27
Korean War
- Began in 1950-1953
- North Korea (communist) was supported by the USSR and CHina
- South Korea (democracy) supported by US nd UN forces
- War became a war of attrition with neither side gaining sig. ground w/ fighting that stagnated around 38th parallel until an armistice was signed and the country returned to being divided
- Sig. b/c it marked the first time following WWII US and Soviet forces would indirectly engage in combat to spread/prevent the spread of communism, a trend that would continue throughout the Cold War
28
Suez Canal Crisis
- Suez Canal was opened to world shipping in 1868
- Used to reduce the time it took to sail between Europe and Asian ports
- Suez Canal involved Egypt, France, and Britain
- In 1952, Nasser over threw the Egyptian monarchy and decided to nationalize the Suez Canal
- Egypt went from being a monarchy to a democratic state with a president
- France and England found this unacceptable b/c it brought lots of trade
- France and British agreed they needed military intervention
- Sig. b/c Egypt cut off all ties and fell under American globalization with having a democracy and president
- Eisenhower called for a UN meeting and Britain and France decided to ceasefire
29
Taiwanese Strait Crisis
- After WWII, Kai-Shek and his defeated nationalists were forced to retreat to Taiwan
- Taiwan became a new nation known was Republic of China
- Mainland China was PRC led by Mo Zedong
- Mao Zedong learned the ROC may invade so he sent troops over
- US threatened mainland China with a nuclear strike if problems arose
- Sig. b/c China wanted to show that under the revolutionary and unique leadership of Zedong and the spread of communism to the region that was once again superpower that shouldn't be overlooked
30
The Kitchen Wars
- Conflict about culture in everyday life
- 1949
- "How Americas live" exhibition, an American suburban home brought to West Berlin
- A new exhibition led by the US called "We're building a better life" was to demonstrate the American life
- Eisenhower put together the US information agency and an office of international trade fairs
- Sig. b/c it was on a world display of how the lives and gender roles of USSR communism differed from the US democracy
31
Arab Feminism
- Started in the 1950s and continues to this day
- Cases differs in different countries like Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria, and Saudi Arabia all of these women in each of these countries are all fighting for the same cause (their rights and to be seen as more than just someone to hit and care for their children and husbands)
- Arab women had no rights and were basically slaves to their husband
- Women were forced to wear a veil to prevent the men from being seduced
- Sparked Arab women's liberation movement b/c it proved that if one woman could do it they all could
- Sig. b/c it sparked a move to address the problem and feminism
32
Oil Crisis
- Middle East, OPEC vs. US
- The Shah was the leader in Iran
- US supported him and brought into the war
- 1973 Yom-Kippur War breaks out between Iran Iraq
- Another example in history where energy consumption and foreign entanglements broad greatly affected US citizens back home
- Sig. b/c it involved the whole world and oil greatly
- Affected people down to their personal lives such as McDonalds
