History 106 Midterm Flashcards
Based on midterm study guide - world history.
Why were the Europeans the first to construct global trade networks, not China or India?
China and India were very wealthy and had no good reason to. Also, Atlantic European mariners also had incentives to gamble on sailing the open seas. They, rather than the Chinese, began to unlock the secrets of the world’s winds. And once they started, unlike the Ming they did not stop. Asian spices and silks were some of the most valuable trade goods, anyway. Europeans also had an attitude of chivalry and adventure from previous tales of the reconquista and partially there was a religious and political movement as they saw advantages in spreading Christianity.
What technologies did Europeans use to master mid-ocean sailing?
Shipbuilding, navigational tools, and mapmaking! They figured out how the winds blew and affected ship sailing in different parts of the oceans and made maps to mark it. They also were able to design and eventually make for themselves astrolabes. The mariner’s astrolabe was an navigation tool used for taking the altitude of the sun or stars while at sea.
What shipbuilding techniques did Europeans take from the mediterranean and arab?
The mariner’s astrolabe was an navigation tool used for taking the altitude of the sun or stars while at sea. These techniques mean they could go out with oars and oarsmen and rely on wind. So, less food, water, provisions were needed and travel was made cheaper.
Trends of population growth between 1500-1800?
growth but also depopulation of groups because of crowd diseases, warfare, loss of lands, and enslavement. However, then came about intellectual developments such as in medicine and science in the scientific revolution. Cities spurted up and people were able to spread information even faster as the global web was solidifying.
Spanish and Portugese travels of 16th and 15th century (1400-1600)
1400s reached west coast of africa and set up a successful slave and gold trade to iberia and canaries. Europe would try to get in on this. Colombus was rewarded for his travels to the Caribbean and eventually central and south America. Vasco da Gama made it around the tip of Africa from Lisbon into the Indian ocean (found spice traders). Engaged in conflict with arab merchants.
Motives: Christian allies, money
European travels 1400-1600
Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores one of first goals sailing into the Atlantic (away from coastlines). Introduced to northeast trade winds because of the canaries. Cabot sailed to Newfoundland and got England in on the lucrative cod fisheries.
Mariners from Atlantic Europe learned how to ride the winds back and forth between Europe and America, between Africa and America, and between Europe and South Asia. They found viable routes across the open ocean linking coastlines of continents formerly out of touch with one another.
Motives: get people to listen to the word of God (convert), money, power, adventure
, spread from its Arabian homeland into North Africa, largely by conquest, during the seventh century. It subsequently seeped into sub-Saharan Africa along two main paths: by sea to the Swahili coast and across the desert into the western and central Sahel (the southern edge of the Sahara). In both cases, Islam’s spread usually occurred not by conquest but through efforts of merchants, rulers, and missionaries—categories that overlapped in many cases.
How, why, where Islam spread in Africa 1400-1800?
It spread from its Arabian homeland into North Africa, largely by conquest, during the seventh century. It subsequently seeped into sub-Saharan Africa along two main paths: by sea to the Swahili coast and across the desert into the western and central Sahel (the southern edge of the Sahara). In both cases, Islam’s spread usually occurred not by conquest but through efforts of merchants, rulers, and missionaries—categories that overlapped in many cases. Islam also suited rulers, as all durable religions do, by offering justification (or spiritual compensation) for hierarchy and inequality. Kings and chiefs needed less raw power or personal charisma if their subjects believed it was normal, natural, and divine will that they should be subjects.
Who participated in the slave trade?
The Americas, Africa (west Africa majority), France, Spain, Denmark, Britain, Portugal.
Where were enslaved people sent over time?
Transatlantic: Americas, Caribbean (started with Before this, Kongo associated and profited with engaging with trade with catholic Portuguese rulers. Years before there was also slave trade across the Indian Ocean.
How did the slave trade affect Africa?
- effects on population
- spurred slavery within Africa
- Encouraged militaristic state
- economics (maize crops were desirable and predatory people invested in violence)
- spread of islam (cannot enslave muslim as muslim)
Causes and effects of the protestant reformation.
Cause: people became literate and urbanized, thought Catholic Church grew stale and imagined a world in which salvation rested on a personal commitment to God.
Describe unification of Japan.
- More guns meant more enslavement (traded a young women with portugese)
- Oda nobunage unified southern japan by introducing japanese made guns to soldiers using volley fire. Hideyoshi and Ieyasu finished the job later on.
- Tokugawa shogunate ruled into 1800s (samurais had guns not peasants), enforcing peace everywhere.
How was Christianity affected by the unification of Japan?
Became an underground practice when rulers of unified japan were eager to minimized foreign influence. Churches were torn down and people were killed.
Military Revolution
- More effecient taxation and need for standing armies increased budget for military. Navies also arose, so that ships could sail around an conquer places with cannons and lots of guns. Fortification and field artillery improvements also arose.
Mughal Empire
- Turkic and Mongol warriors in India that practiced islam were the foundation.
- eventually at height second most populous state, unifying much of southern asia.
- tolerant of other religions and supported scholars
- shari’a led to serious tax revolts and alienated anyone not muslim
Ottoman Empire
- lasted twice as long as the mughals
- similarities: canny integration of new weaponry into existing military culture, liberal religious policy, and healthy finances.
- Centered in Turkey
- controlled lucrative trade routes along mediterranean sea
- Ottoman sultans succeeded muslim prophets but embraced religious tolerance.
- had rain, grain, wealth from eygpt unlike others durign time of drought.
- equipped skilled Christian janissaries with muskets and combined military innovations like volley fire to absolutely destroy everyone else on the battlefield.
-Millet system: the Ottomans taxed non-Muslims at a higher rate than Muslims but also welcomed Christians and Jews and left them alone to oversee their own communities.
