History

Question 1

Latin “evolutio” meaning?

Answer 1

unravelling

Question 2

“nothing in biology makes sense except in light of _____” - _____

Answer 2

evolution
Dobzhansky

Question 3

agents of evolution (5)

Answer 3

non-random mating
dispersal/gene flow/migration
mutations
gene drift
natural selection

Question 4

Anaximander in Ancient Greece

Answer 4

species were formed from water, humans and other animals came from fish

Question 5

Empedocles

Answer 5

heads, limbs, and other organs were joined at random and only some combinations survived

Question 6

Plato

Answer 6

each nature type of object in the observed world is an imperfect manifestation of the ideal

Question 7

Aristotle (student of Plato)

Answer 7

thought of a static world in which a deity created fixed essenses
- Christianity expanded: Great Chain of Being

Question 8

where did species originate? (2 theories)

Answer 8

• theory of special creation
• descent w modification

Question 9

theory of special creation

Answer 9

• created by a deity
• species were created independently of one another
• species remain the same since creation (variation in species is minor/limited)
• Earth and life are young

Question 10

descent w modification

Answer 10

• species change over time (microevolution)
• lineages split and diverge (speciation)
• new life forms come from older forms (macroevolution)
• all life forms are related (common ancestry)
• earth and life are old

Question 11

carl linnaeus

Answer 11

• classified plant morphology -> classes, orders, genus, species
• binomial nomenclature (genus + species) in “Systema Naturae”

Question 12

Erasmus Darwin (Charles Darwin’s grandpa)

Answer 12

• “Laws of Organic Life”
• integrative approach
• survival of fittest/most competent will propagate, thus improving species

Question 13

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 13

• “Philosophie Zoologique”
• all species derived by gradual change from other species
• mechanism: inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 14

mechanism: inheritance of acquired characteristics

Answer 14

• improved if used a lot, organs reduces to vestiges from disuse
• required that bodily changes can be registered in germ cells

Question 15

catastrophism vs uniformitarianism

Answer 15

catastrophism - biblical interpretation of earth history (e.g. biblical flood)

uniformitarianism - more modern view of earth history (unimaginably old, present landforms resulted from still-occurring geological processes, originated from James Hutton-late)

Question 16

Charles Lyell

Answer 16

• “Principles of Geology”
• challenged belief of earth history and age; argued it is hundred of millions of years old, geology created through natural forces

Question 17

Charles Darwin - South America (Voyage of the Beagle)

Answer 17

fossils no longer extant in region
- species can go extinct

fossils in region were diff from modern-day equivalents
- species have ancestors and change through time

travelling from N to S, one species replaced by similar but a bit diff species
- species differ across space/geography

Question 18

Charles Darwin - Galapagos Islands (Voyage of the Beagle)

Answer 18

tortoises diff from island to island
- isolation (water channels), cannot move to other islands/populations

finches similar^
- beak shape differences
- also isolated -> evolved differently

fossil records
- species go extinct
- law of succession (extant species resemble past fossils in same area)
- transitional forms (e.g. archaeopteryx lithographica = transitional form btw dino & bird)
- env change

Question 19

transitional form between dinosaurs and birds

Answer 19

Archeopteryx lithographica

Question 20

Charles Darwin - Home in England (Voyage of the Beagle)

Answer 20

vestigial organ
homology
artificial selection
read “An Essay on the Principle of Population” - Thomas Robert Malthus

Question 21

vestigial organ

Answer 21

functionless or rudimentary ver of body part which has important function in similar species

Question 22

homology

Answer 22

the study of likeness
- same organ in diff animals under every variety of form and function (think arm bone in human, cat, bat, whale)

Question 23

artificial selection

Answer 23

humans have modified species over time to suit needs through selective breeding

Question 24

“An Essay on the Principle of Population”

Answer 24

Thomas Robert Malthus
- reproductive capacity of human population exceeds food supply
- humans compete among themselves
- process would also occur in nature, “natural” selection without a plan or conscious

Question 25

Alfred Russel Wallace

Answer 25

Malay Archipelago
- Wallace’s Line: a deep water channel where one side of islands had Australian-looking sp, other islands had Malay-looking sp
- read essay by Malthus
- idea of natural selection
- wrote “On the Tendencies of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type”

Question 26

___ and ___ announced Darwin and Wallace ideas at _____________
essay name: ____

Answer 26

Lyell
Hooker
Linnean Society of London
“On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Race in the Struggle for Life” AKA “ The Origin of Species”

Question 27

Linnean Society of London

Answer 27

• forum for discussion in genetics, natural history, systematics, biology, history of plant/animal taxonomy
• oldest extant biological society
• named after Linneaus

Question 28

What could Darwin not explain?

Answer 28

• how a given trait is transmitted from parent to offspring
• where/how new traits appeared

Question 29

Gregor Mendel

Answer 29

experiments in plant hybridization using pea plants
- pod shape/colour, seed shape/colour, flower colour
credited for laws of heredity

traits are passed from parent to offspring through gametes in genes (alleles), and individuals are diploid

Question 30

Gregor Mendel’s Principles (2)

Answer 30

First principle - Principle of Segregation
- each gamete can only carry one allele from a parent for one gene

Second principle - Independent Assortment
- segregation of members of one pair of alleles occurs independently of -> the segregation of members of another pair of alleles during gamete formation