History 130 Readings 1-4 Flashcards
(26 cards)
Games, “Making Colonies and Empires”
Empire involves linked global development.
Link:
European rivalries & global commercial interests led to emergence of American entreprises
Global origins of single North American venture
Transregional ways in which colonies made empires
Empires made & unmade colonies
Washington, “Farewell Address” (1796) & Polk, “First Annual Message” (1796)
Isolationist
Fitz, “US and the Americas”
Jefferson envisioned a world divided into two hemispheres. Jefferson envisioned the “American system” whereby the US cast off the Old World, ie hemispheric separation.
Roosevelt, “National Duties” (1901)
The US is a supreme nation and is spreading freedom and democracy to the uncivilized world (Philippines).
Wilson, “World League for Peace” (1917)
Peace without victory and a community of power. The Monroe Doctrine should be adopted globally.
Roosevelt, “Arsenal of Democracy” (1940)
US must get weapons to Europe because we face a national security threat if Britain falls.
Roosevelt, “Statue of the Union” (1941)
US national security has never been more threatened. We must support people resisting aggression.
Thompson, “Wilsonianism and its Critics”
The period during and after WWI was a transition from the US having marginal role in great power politics to doing more than any other nation to shape them.
Examples: projection of power beyond western hemisphere, League of Nations, debitor to creditor
Jager, “Competing Empires in Asia”
End of the 19thC Japan and US are great powers in the Pacific. Japan moves towards a continental power while US is a maritime power.
Rauchway, “Econmic Catastrophes”
Economic crisis brought an end to global trade networks and accelerated trend toward nationalism.
Kennan, “Long Telegram” (1946)
Peaceful coexistence is impossible due to a deep antiwestern reservoir within the Soviet Union.
NSC-68 (1950)
Nitze’s Cold War strategy under Truman that expands Kennan’s containment.
Reduce power of USSR, develop military readiness, strengthen relations w/ non-Soviet nations, organize resources of free world
Eisenhower, “Farewell Address” (1961) & Kennedy, “Inagural Address” (1961)
American supremacy and US duty to maintain peace through military establishment.
Commitment to fight tyranny, poverty, and war. Must be loyal to old allies and create a peaceful new world.
Lawrence, “Fractured World of Cold War”
Cold War was defined by a divided world of the US free world, Soviet bloc, rising China, and third world.
To manage this fractured world, the US tried to confront adversaries and stabilize existing divisions.
Holloway, “Escalation of Cold War, 1945-1962”
Nuclear weapons escalated the Cold War. Nuclear deterrence organized US policy.
Hanhimaki, “Reconfiguration Relations”
Detente played powerful role between the US and Soviet Union. Under detente, Nixon tried to triangulate US relations with China and Soviet Union.
Reagan, “Address to Parliament” (1982)
US mission is to preserve freedom and peace through global democratic development and military strength. Today, we are in an era of crises.
Bush, “Address to Congress on Persian Gulf Crisis” (1990)
US must defend civilized values around the world and maintain economic strength at home. US objective in the Persian Gulf is: get Iraq to w/draw from Kuwait, restoration of Kuwait’s legitimate government, and ensure security of Persian Gulf.
The US and Soviet Union (Gorbahchev) are working together and have shared resolve to counter Iraq.
Bush, “NSS” (2002)
US uses its strength to create balance of power that favors freedom. US international goals are: political/economic freedom, peaceful relations with state, respect for human dignity.
US military must aussure our allies and deter threats.
Trump, “NSS” (2017)
National security strategy based on putting America first in order to preserve peace, uphold liberty, and create enduring advantages for Americans.
Biden, “NSS” (2022)
US will work w/ allies to create free, open, prosperous, secure world. China and Russia threaten to reshape international order.
Buildup economy and rely on alliances (NATO)
Fischer, “Foreign Policy under Reagan and Bush”
Washington didn’t defeat the Soviet Union nor was Washington irrelevant. While the US played a critical role in ending the war, changes in Soviet polocy were far greater than changes in US policy.
Reagan and Bush administrations shared fundamental goals with Gorbachev.
Reagan played critical role in ending Cold War due to his desire to eliminate nuclear weapons. Reagan’s policy started off hawkish then shifted.
Brown, “Gorbachev Revolution”
Gorbachev was a reformer focused on dismantling the Soviet system, common security, and independence to eastern Europe.
Ikenberry, “Restructuring the International System after Cold War”
End of Cold War made the American-led liberal hegemonic order the primary order.
