History Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Plateau
A
– A raised by flat region
2
Q
Savanna
A
– Above+below the equator, grassland w/scattered trees, animals/herds, wet/dry
3
Q
Natural resources
A
– Natural materials that people can use to meet their needs
4
Q
Labor specialization
A
– With a food surplus not everyone had to be a farmer…other professions…
5
Q
Trans – Saharan
A
Across the Sahara, trade
6
Q
Conquest
A
Capturing something, especially during war
7
Q
Prosperity
A
Economic well-being
8
Q
- Caravan
A
A large group that travels together
9
Q
Conduct
A
The way that one acts
10
Q
Scholarship
A
Formal study and learning
11
Q
- Commercial
A
Having to do with trade and business
12
Q
- Legacy
A
– An influence from the past
13
Q
- Griots
A
– Professional storytellers and oral historians who are the keepers of West African history, often sung
14
Q
- Stele
A
– A grand stone pillar
15
Q
- Greco-Roman
A
– Greek and Roman influence
16
Q
- Monks
A
– Men who dedicate themselves to worshipping God
17
Q
- Tradition
A
– Long established custom or practice
18
Q
- Dynasty
A
– Ruling family, one generation to the next
19
Q
- Stonetowns
A
– Multi-story stone houses, Swahili city-states
20
Q
- Caste
A
– Social class
21
Q
- Kinship
A
– Connection based on family relationships
22
Q
- Lineage
A
– A group of people descended from a common ancestor
23
Q
- Ethnic Group
A
– A social unit with the same culture, language, and identity
24
Q
- Diversity
A
– Variety
25
25. Oral Tradition
– Used spoken stories or histories to teach and entertain
26
26. Proverbs
– Wise sayings
27
27. Polyrhythmic Drumming
– 2 or more different rhythms at the same time
28
28. Transmission
– The passing on of something, such as stories or histories
29
When was the Classical Period?
500 AD, Greeks and Romans
30
When was Pax Romana?
30 BC - 180 AD, started with Augustus' rule
31
When was the Fall of Rome?
476 AD
32
When was the Great Schism?
1054, Church splits
33
When did the Byzantine Empire Fall?
1453
34
What was Japan?
A group of Islands in the Pacific, about 120 miles of the mainland of China, the population is about 120 million, homogenous.
35
What is a Regent?
Someone who governs a country in the name of a ruler who is unable to rule, a substitute King/Queen
36
What is a Shogun?
Japan's supreme military commander
37
What is a Samarai?
"Those who serve", highly trained Japanese warriors
38
What is Bushido?
"The way of the warrior", ideals that governed samurai warriors, official code in the 1600's
39
What is Shinto?
Traditional religion of Japan, "The way of the gods", often combined with elements of Buddhism.
40
What is a Shrine?
Places of worship.
41
What is Mantra?
A sacred word, sound or chant that is repeated over and over to advance one's spiritual growth.
42
What is Homogeneous?
The same, Japan.
43
What is Heterogeneous?
Different, the United States
44
What was the Byzantine empire?
An empire named after the place where its capital Constantinople was built, Byzantium. Most famous emperor/empress were Justinian and Theodora.
45
Who is the Pope?
Father, head of the Catholic Church
46
What was the Great Schism?
1054, the Churches of the East and West split, Eastern Orthodox Church (east)/Catholic Church (west), SPLIT
47
What is Polytheism?
Worshiping many Gods, Ancient Greece/Rome/Hinduism
48
What are the Gladiators?
Fighters to the death, public entertainment, Rome
49
What is the New Testament
The body of work added to the Old Testament by Christians
50
What are the Gospels?
First 4 books of the New Testament, describes the life/teachings of Jesus from 4 perspectives
51
What are the Parables?
Stories with a moral, Jesus often used parables to explain lessons, parables are used across cultures/religions.
52
What is the Trinity?
God's 3 forms, God the father/Jesus the son/the holy spirit; Christian belief.
53
What are Denominations?
Religious groups, there are thousands of religious denominations in the world
54
Mercenary -S
.
Mercenary - Soldiers for hire, people who kill for pay
55
Veto -
I say no, I forbid, a way to cancel a law/bill; Roman consuls had this right, tribune of the plebs did too, so does the President of the US
56
Patriarchal society -
Men hold the power, Rome
57
Civil War -
A war between groups that live in the same country, Rome and the US had Civil Wars
58
Julius Caesar –
Fought in a civil war against Pompey. He won. He took care of the poor but he also made himself dictator which angered many senators who wanted to keep the Roman Republic (elected leaders) as it was. A group of senators killed Julius Caesar on the Ides of March, March 15, 44 BC.
59
Augustus -
After Julius’s death, Octavian defeated his rival, Mark Antony, changed his name to Augustus (“Dignified One”), and then became Rome’s first emperor.
60
Greece’s geography –
A hand in the sea, separated by mountains/seas/rivers/hills. Lots of fishing and olive trees, these natural divisions caused city-states to develop independently…
61
Hellenistic -
Greek-like
62
Socratic Method -
Socrates, a question and answer method of learning/teaching
63
Hypothesis
– Logical guess
64
Hippocratic Oath
– Still guides doctors today, Doctors will use their knowledge/skill in ethical ways
65
Philosophy
– Lover of wisdom
66
Oligarchy
– Government in which a small group of people rule, Sparta
67
Polis –
City-State, each had its own government and traditions, Sparta/Athens
68
Citizen –
Landowning men, merchants, (sometimes tenant farmers), could participate in political process
69
Democracy –
A government by the people, people’s rule
70
Homer –
Blind Greek poet, Odyssey/Illiad
71
Virgil –
Writer, Aeneid, commissioned by Augustus to write a founding story for Rome
72
Aesop –
A Greek slave from the island of Samos (500 BCish…), he was freed as a reward for his learning, traveled telling fables, Aesop’s Fables
73
Sophocles –
Greek writer, Antigone and Oedipus Rex, tragedies
74
Aristotle –
Realized the earth is round,
75
Hippocrates –
Believe that all diseases have natural causes, created a standard of conduct for doctors
76
Battle of Marathon
– 490 BC, 20,000 Persians vs. Athens at Marathon, Athens wins/NIKE
77
Battle of Salamis –
480 BC, Xerxes led 100,000 Persians vs. Sparta at Thermopylae, then against Athens at Salamis, Persians lost
78
Delian League –
Athens and 150 allies together to fight against invaders supposed to be equal partners but were not, met at Delos
79
Peloponnesian League –
Sparta and its allies, these were mostly oligarchies
80
Pericles -
450s BC, paid citizens to participate on juries, this allowed people who were not rich to participate in civic duties. Pericles gave a famous speech in which he said all Athenians were equal in the eyes of the law. Pericles was a fan of citizenship, the idea that rights and responsibilities came from living in a city-state like Athens.
81
Draco -
an aristocratic leader in Athens, created a legal code of punishments for all offenses (in blood). The word draconian describes a punishment that is too harsh from a minor offense.
82
Xerxes –
Persian leader, like his father Darius, wanted to add Greece to his empire, battle of Thermopylae and Salamis, defeated.
83
Darius –
Persian leader, wanted to add Greece to his empire, attacked Athens at Marathon, lost
84
King Leonidas –
Spartan king who held the Persians off for days at Thermopylae, lost, but remembered by history as a courageous effort against overwhelming odds.
85
Philip II of Macedonia –
took over Macedonia in 359 BC after his brother, the king, died. His brother’s son was too young to rule so Philip was elected king. He organized a great army. The soldiers were disciplined and used phalanxes, sarissas. Philip decided it was time to defeat the Greeks. When diplomacy did not work, he went to war. In 338 BC Philip and his son, Alexander, defeated a combined army of Thebes and Athens. Philip was assassinated right before he was about to invade Persia.
86
Alexander the Great -
Son of Philip II of Macedonia and Olympias, owned a horse that was afraid of the sun named Bucephalus, Alexander gained the throne at age 20, after his father’s assassination. He was a brilliant young man, tutored by Aristotle. Alexander read the Iliad and wanted to be like the Greek hero Achilles. Alexander crushed rebellions within his empire by burning rebellious cities like Thebes to the ground. In 334 BC Alexander took 30,000 foot soldiers and 5,000 cavalry to conquer Asia. Alexander won his soldiers’ loyalty by fighting beside them. Alexander acquired Egypt, and the Persian Empire by 330 BC. He earned the nickname “Alexander the Great”. Alexander wanted to add India to his empire, his soldiers wanted to return home. Alexander died in 323 BC, age 32, of a fever.
87
Zeus -
King of the Gods, husband of Hera, brother of Hera, Demeter, Hestia, Poseidon, and Hades (Jupiter), FATHER OF MANY…Hermes, Artemis, Apollo, Demeter, Athena…..
88
Hera -
Queen of the Gods, wife of Zeus, sister of Zeus, Hestia, Demeter, Hades, and Poseidon (Juno)
89
Athena -
Goddess of wisdom, daughter of Zeus/Metis (Minerva)
90
Apollo -
Sun God, son of Zeus/Leto, twin of Artemis (Apollo)
91
Artemis -
Goddess of the moon/hunt, daughter of Zeus/Leto, twin of Apollo (Diana)
92
Poseidon -
God of the sea, trident, brother of Zeus, Hades, Hera, Hestia, and Demeter (Neptune)
93
Hades –
God of the Underworld, miserly, married to Persephone for half the year (Pluto)
94
Ares -
God of war (Mars)
95
Aphrodite -
Goddess of love and beauty, wife of Hephaestus (Venus)
96
Hermes -
Messenger god, son of Zeus/Maia (Mercury)
97
Demeter -
Goddess of crops, sister of Hera/Zeus/Poseidon/Hades/Hera; mom of Persephone (Ceres)
98
Hephaestus -
Smith god, husband of Aphrodite (Vulcan)
99
Hestia -
Goddess of Hearth, sister of Hera, Demeter, Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades (Vesta)
100
Cupid –
Boy-God of love, son of Aphrodite
101
Dionysus –
God of wine and all things delicious (Bacchus)
102
Odyssey/Aeneid –
Adventures after the Trojan War (10 years, Greeks vs. Trojans, Greeks win)
103
Odysseus -
King of Ithaca, Trojan War, Trojan horse, Greek (Ulysses)
104
Penelope -
Wife of Odysseus, Greek
105
Telemachus –
Son of Odysseus/Penelope
106
Aeneas –
A man led by Fate…Rome
107
Anchises –
Father of Aeneas, carried from the ruins of Troy
108
Iulus –
Son of Aeneas/Creusa
109
Menelaus -
King of Sparta, married to Helen, Greek
110
Agamemnon -
King of Mycenae, Brother of Menelaus, Greek
111
Helen -
The face that launched 1,000 ships, most beautiful woman in the world, married to Menelaus, Greek
112
Priam –
King of Troy, husband of Hecuba, father of Hector/Cassandra/Paris/others…
113
Hecuba –
Queen of Troy, wife of Priam, mother of many, knew the future and tried to prevent it
114
Paris –
Son of Priam/Hecuba, stole Helen
115
Hector –
Greatest Trojan Warrior, son of Priam/Hecuba
116
Cassandra –
Daughter of Priam/Hecuba, could see the future but nobody would listen
117
Queen Dido –
Refugee from Tyre, Queen of Carthage, “girlfriend” of Aeneas….
118
Achilles –
Great Greek warrior, weak ankle
119
Fate –
Strongest power of all
120
Charybdis –
Dangerous whirlpool, pulls ships down and spits them up in pieces
121
Scylla –
6 headed dog faced monster
122
Cyclops –
One eyed giants, Mt. Etna
123
Charon –
Ferryman of the underworld, pay him a fee!
124
Cerberus –
3 headed guard dog of the Underworld
125
Styx –
Unlovely river in the Underworld
126
Mount Olympus –
Home of the Gods
127
Muhammad –
Believed he received a message from the angel Gabriel, from God. These were written down into the Quran. Muhammad said he was the messenger of God. He died in 632.
128
The Muslim Empire
The Muslim Empire stretched around the Mediterranean Sea - North Africa, Middle East, Asia Minor, and Northern India. Leaders were caliphs and sultans. Those who thought that Abu Bakr should follow Muhammad became known as Sunni Muslims. Those who thought that Ali should follow Muhammad were Shia.
129
Sharia - “
The Way”, laws from the Quran having to do with family, business, diet, and politics.
130
Islam -
submission
131
Quran –
Islam’s holy book (Old Testament is Jew’s holy book, Old and New Testament/Bible for Christians)
132
Mosque -
Muslim house of worship
133
Monotheism –
Worship one God - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
134
5 Pillars of Islam –
Belief, Prayer, Charity, Fasting, Pilgrimage
135
Belief -
There is no God but God/Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of God
136
Prayer -
It is a religious duty to pray 5 times a day
137
Charity
- Muslims must share their wealth with the less fortunate
138
Fasting -
Ramadan - no eating or drinking between daybreak and sunset
139
Pilgrimage -
Hajj, journey to the holy city of Mecca, at least
