History Flashcards
Stone Age people
Hunter-gatherers, following herds of deer and horses
When was Britain permanently seperated by the Channel
10,000 years ago (stone age)
When did the first farmers arrive in Britain? From where?
6,000 years ago from south-east europe
Where is Stonehenge? What is it?
English county of Wiltshire. A special ggathering place for seasonal ceremonies.
Scottish stone age monument
Skara Brae on Orkney. A prehistoric village from the Stone Age
When did people learn how ot make bronze
4,000 years ago
When did the bronze age happen?
4,000 years ago
What kind of things did bronze age people build?
Roundhouses to live in, round barrows for their tombs.
What crafts were bronze age people known for?
objects in bronze and gold, tools, ornaments, weapons
What came after the bronze age?
Iron age
What kind of buildings are from the iron age?
Some roundhouses from the bronze age, grouped into larger settlements, and some defended by hill forts
An example of an iron age hill fort
Maiden castle, in the english county of Dorset.
When were the first coins minted?
Iron age, inscribed with iron age kings
Who led the first invasion of Britain? When?
Julius Caesar in 55 BC
When was the first successful roman invasion of britain?
AD 43, by Emperor Claudius.
Tribal leader that fought against Romans
Boudicca, queen of Iceni from eastern britain. There is a statue to her on Westminster bridge in london.
Why was hadrian’s wall built?
Scotland was never conquered by the Romans. To keep out the picts.
Forts on hardian’s wall still accessible today
Housesteads and Vindolanda
How long did romans remain in britain?
400 years
When did first Christian communities appear?
3rd and 4th centuries AD: 200 and 300 AD
When did the romans leave britain
410 AD
Who invaded after the romans left?
Tribes from northern Europe: the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons
What languages were the basis for English?
French norman, jutes, angles, saxons
Be what year were the anglo-saxons established in britain?
600 AD
A burial place of an anglo-saxon king
Suttun Hoo at suffolk, buried with treasure and armour in a ship buried
Were the anglo saxons christian?
Not when they first came, but mssionaries from Ireland spread christianity
Who is the patron sait of ireland
St patrick
Who is st columba
A famous missionary from anglo saxon times that founded a monastary on the island of Iona.
Who is st augustine
A missionary from anglo saxon time that led missionaries from Rome, spreading christianity in the south. He became the first Archbishop of canterbury
Where did vikings come from
Denmark, sweden, norway
When did vikings first visit britain
789 AD
Where did vikings stay in britain
east and north in the Danelaw
Viking raids caused what in scotland
unification under one king, Kenneth MacAlpin
What happened in 1066?
An invasion led by William, the duke of normandy, defeated harold, the saxon king of england. William the conquerer
What commemorates william the conquerer’s defeat of king harold
The Bayeux Tapestry in France
A list of all towns and villages, who owned land and animals. Ordered by william the conquerer in norman times.
Domesday book
When were the middle ages?
476 AD to 1485, a thousand years from the end of the Roman empire. Norman conquest.
When was Wales annexed to england? Under whose rule?
1284 King Edward I
How much of Ireland did English rule in the Middle ages?
In the beginning, ireland was an independent country. By 1200, English rules The Pale around Dublin
What was the middle ages war with France?
The Hundred Years War (116 years).
What was the most famous battle of the 100 years war?
The battle of Agincourt in 1415. King Henry V defeated France.
What kind of land ownership did Normans use?
Fuedalism
How did fuedalism work?
The king gave land to lords in return for help in the war. Landowners send men to fight in the army. Peasants were serfs, with small areas of land to grow food, work for their lord, and not able to move away.
When did the black death come to Britain?
1348
How much of the population died in the black plague`
One third
How did the black plague affect people?
A smaller population meant fewer crops needed to be grown, labour shortages meant peasant could demand higher wages, leading to a strong middle class.
England controlled less of The Pale in Ireland
When did parliament begin to develop into the institution it is today?
During the Middle Ages
What is the origin of parliament?
In the middle ages, the king’s council of advisers, which included noblemen and the leaders of the church
When were formal limits on the king’s power established?
1215
What happened in 1215
King John was forced by noblemen to create the Magna Carta
What is the Magna Carta?
A charter that established the idea that even the king was subject to law. It protected the rights of nobility and restricting the king’s power to collect taxes or change laws
What were the middle ages parts of parliament?
House of Lords: nobility, great landowners, and wealthy people. House of Commons: Knights and wealthy people from towns
What is the principle development to the legal system in the middle ages?
Judges are independent of the government, the developed common lay by a process of precedence.
Languages before the Normal Conquest and after
Before, anglo-saxon and norman french, after combined into english
When were official documents written in English
by 1400
Who was Geoffrey Chaucer
An author who wrote a series of poems, the Canterbury Tales.
Who was William Caxton
The first person in England to print books using a printing press, including the Canterbury tales
Who is John Barbour
A scottish poet that wrote The Bruce, aboutt he battle of Bannockburn
A famous example of stained glass from the middle ages
York Minster
When was the war of roses
1455
Who fought in the war of the roses
House of Lancaster and House of York
What ended the war of roses
The battle of bosworth Field in 1485. King Richard III of House of York was killed. Henry Tudor of house lancaster became King Henry VII. Henry married Richard’s niece, Elizabeth of York.
Who founded House Tudor
King Henry VII of lancaster married Elizabeth of York
How did Henry VII centralise power?
After the War of Roses, Henry VII reduced power of the nobles and built up the monarchy’s financial reserves
What was Henry VIII most famous for
Breaking away from the Church of Rome and marrying six times
Who was catherine of aragon
Henry VIII’s first wife, a spanish princess. She had one surviving child, Mary, but when she became too old to give another child Henry VIII decided to devorce her.
Who was Anne Boleyn
Henry VIII’s second wife, an english woman. She had Elizabeth, but then was accused of taking lovers and was executed at the Tower of London
Who was Jane Seymour
Henry VIII’s third wife, who had Edward and died soon after
Who was Anne of Cleves
Henry VIII’s fourth wife, a German princess. Married for political reasons but divorced quickly
Who was Catherine Howard
Henry VIII’s fifth wife, cousin of Anne Boleyn. She was also accused of taking lovers and executed.
Who was Catherine Parr
Henry VIII’s sixth wife, a widow that survived him to marry again
Who founded the Church of England
Henry VIII, when the pope did not approve his divorce from Catherine of Aragon, he established the church of england.
What key changes would there be with the church of england?
The king, not the pope, would have the power to appoint bishops and order how people should worship
What happened during the Reformation in Tudor times?
The protestants formed their own church, away from the Roman Catholic Church
Key changes protestants made to christianity
they formed their own churches, read the bible in their own languages instead of latin, did not pray to saints or at shrines, and they believed a person’s own relationship with God was more important that subitting to the church’s authority.
When did protestant ideals gain strength in england, wales, and scotland
the 16th century
When did Wales become formally united with england?
During the reign of Henry VIII, by the act for the government of wales
What was Edward VI known for?
He was Henry VIII’s son, a protestant. During his reign, the book of common prayer was written to be used in the church of england.
Who was bloody mary?
The half sister of Edward VI who ruled after him. She was a catholic that persecuted the protestants, earning her name.
Who was Elizabeth I?
The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, a protestant that re-established Church of England as the offical church. She was one of the most popular monarchs, especially after 1588
What happened in 1588?
The english defeated the spanish armada, which had been sent be spain to restore catholicism. Queen elizabeth I’s reign.
The reformation in Scotland in 1560
The protestant scottich parliament abolished the authority of the pope in scotland and roman catholic religious services became illegal.
Who was Mary Stuart
Mary queen of scots, a catholic who was only a week old when she became queen. When her husband was murdered, she was suspected of involvement and fled to her cousin Elizabeth I, who imprisoned her.
Who ruled after Mary queen of scots
Her son James VI, a protestant.
Who was Sir francis Duke
An English commander in the defeat of the Spanish armada. A founder of England’s naval tradition and owner of the golden hind.
What is the golden hind
Sir francis duke’s ship, the first to sail around the world. Elizabethan era.
Famous shakespeare plays
A midsummer’s night dream, hamlet, macbeth, and romeo and juliet.
Shakespeare’s theatre
The Globe Theatre in london
Who ruled after Elizabeth I
James VI of scotland, also known as James I of england, wales, and ireland.
The most famous achievement of James VI of scotland and James I of england, wales, and ireland
A new translation of the bible into english, the King James version
Who took the title King of Ireland
Henry VIII
Where did the english government encourage scottish and english to settle in ireland?
Ulster, the northern province, to make plantations. During the rule of Elizabeth I and James I
What is the divine right of kings? Who is associated with it?
The idea that the king was directly appointed by god to rule. James I and his son Charles I
What started the English civil war in 1640?
Charles I wanted worship to include more ceremony, so introduced a revised prayer book. A scottish army formed and Charles I couldn’t fund his army, so he recalled Parliament to ask for money. They refused.Charles I entered the house of commons to arrest parliament leaders.
What were the two parties in the civil war of 1642?
Those who supported Charles I, the Cavaliers, and those who supported parliament, the Roundheads
Who won the civil war of 1642
Parliament, by 1646. Charles I was executed in 1649
When was king charles I’s army defeated in the civil war of 1642?
At the battles of Marston Moor and Naseby
What happened at the end of the civil way of 1642?
England declared itself a republic, called the Commonwealth.
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
A general that established the authority of English Parliament in Ireland with such violence that he remains a controversial figure. Later the leader of the new republic, Lord protector until his death in 1658
Who was Charles II
Charles I’s son, who the scots declared as king after not agreeing with Charles I’s execution. He famously his in an oak tree before fleeing to europe. He was crowned in 1660
What happened in 1665
A plague in London, then a great fire
Who was Sir Christopher Wren
A famous architect that designed the rebuild of st paul’s cathedral after the fire of 1665
What is the habeas corpus act? when was it?
1679, a law. Latin for you must present the person in court. It guaranteed no one could be held prisoner unlawfully, and every prisoner had a right to a court hearing.
Who was Sir Isaac Newton?
Scientist born in lincolnshire, east england. Mathmatical principles of natural philosophy showed how gravity applied to the universe. Discovered white light is made of rainbow.
What was the glorious revolution
James II’s eldest daughter, Mary, was married to her cousin William of Orange. In 1688, William III took the throne from James II. There was no fighting and it guaranteed power of parliament.
What happened to the Macdonalds of glencoe in the 1600’s
They were late to accept William III in oath and were killed, leading to many scots distrusting the government.
Who were the jacobites?
Supporters of James II, after william III took the throne. Some joined him in exile in France.
When was the declaration of rights first read
At the coronation of William III and Mary
What was the declaration of rights
A confirmation that the king would no longer be able to raise taxes or administer justice without agreement from parliament.
What was the bill of rights and when was it put in place
1689, confirmation of the rights of parliament and the limits of the king’s power.
What were the first two parliament parties?
Whigs and tories
When were newspapers allowed to operate without government licence?
from 1695
What were the huguenots
Refugees from France. Protestants that had been persecuted for their religion.
When did Scotland become part of the united kingdom instead of an independent country
1707 with the Treaty of Union in Scotland.
Who was the first prime minister and the years in service
Sir Robert Walpole, from 1721 to 1742
What happened in 1745
An attempt to put Charles Edward Stuart (bonnie prince charlie) on the throne, the grandson of James II. He was defeated in the battle of culloden in 1746.
Who was Robert Burns
Late 1700’s. The Bard, a scottish poet. He wrote Auld Lang Syne, sung at New Year.
What was one of the most important principles of the Enlightenment in the 18th century
Everyone should have the right to their own political and religious beliefs and that the state should not try to dictate them
Before the 18th century, what was the biggest source of employment in britain
Agriculture and cottage inustries, like cloth and lace
Why did the industrial revolution happen
Because of the development of machinery and the use of steam power, machanising agriculture and making things more efficient. The bessemer process for mass producing steel.
Who was Richard Arkwright
1732, developed efficient factories for carding yarn into fabric, using steam or horse power.
Where were colonies established in the industrial revolution
India and southern africa, north america
Who was Sake Dean Mahomet
1759-1851. Opened the first curry house in britain, Hindoostane Coffee House in Goerge Street london in 1810. Bengali married to Irish Jane Daly. Introduced shampooing to britain.
During what century was the slave trade fully established, dominated by britain and the american colonies?
18th century (1700’s)
Who were the first formal anti-slavery groups established by?
The quakers in the late 1700’s, they petitioned parliament to ban to practice
Who was William Wilberforce
An evangelical Christian and member of parliament who played an active part in banning slavery in the late 1700’s.
When did it become illegal to trade slaves in British ships or from British ports?
1807
When was slavery abolished throughout the British empire?
The emancipation act in 1833
After 1833, who were employed to replace slaves
Indian and Chinese workers
What year did 13 American colonies declare independence
1776
What year did Britain recognise the american colonies independence?
1783
When was the battle of trafalgar, which countries fought?
1805, Britain, Spanish, and French. Admiral Nelson was in charge of British fleet
What is the HMS Victory?
Admiral Nelson’s ship, currently in portsmouth.
When and how did the French Wars end?
1815, with napoleon’s defeat by the Duke of Wellington at the battle of waterloo. Wellington, known as the iron duke, later became prime minister.
What symbolism is on the union flag?
The crosses of:
St george, patron saint of england, the red cross on white ground
St andrew, patron saint of scotland, diagonal white cross on a blue ground
st patrick, patron saint of ireland, a diagonal red cross on a white ground
When did victoria become queen of england? How old was she
1837, 18 years old
When did queen victoria rule until? how many years
1901, 64 years
What did the british empire cover during the victorian era? What was the population
All of india, australia, and large parts of africa. Over 400 million people
What were the Corn Laws? When were they appealed?
- They prevented the import of cheap grain. Repealing lead to the import of raw materials more cheaply.
When were the number of hours women and children could work limited?
1847, they were limited to 10 hours a day
What were the father and son George and Robert stephenson famous for
In the victorian era, pioneering the railway engine and expansion of railways.
Who was Isambard kingdom brunel?
1806-1859 An engineer from portsmouth who built tunnels, bridges, and railways. Great western railway.
How much of the world’s iron, coal, and cotton cloth came from the UK in the 19th century
more than half
When was the crimean war
1853-1856
Who were involved in the crimean war
Britain sided with turkey and france against russia
When was the victorian cross medal introduced
during the crimean war
Who was florence nightingale
1820-1910 A nurse who treated soldiers of the crimean war in Turkey, responsible for improving hospital conditions and reducing mortality rate. Established nightingale training school in 1860, founder of modern nursing
When was the irish potatoe famine
mid 19th century
What were the sentiments of the irish nationalist movement
The fenians, who favoured complete independence. Charles Stuart Parnell advocated for home rule, with its own parliament
When was the first Reform act, what did it do?
- Increased the number of people who could vote. Redefined boroughs and parliamentary seats.
When was the second reform act? what did it do?
1867, chartists helped create more urban seats in parliament and reduced the amount of property people needed to have before they could vote.
What gave wives the right to keep their own earnings and property
Acts of parliament in 1870 and 1882
Who was emmeline pankhurst
1858-1928 She set up the women’s franchise league in 1889. In 1903, she set up the women’s social and political union.
What was the Boer war
1899 to 1902 war in south africa with settlers from netherlands called the boers. Public sympathy for them called into question whether the Empire was right.
Who was rudyard kipling
1865-1936 An author born in india reflecting the idea that the british empire was a force for good. Awarded nobel prize 1907. Books Just so stories and jungle books, poem If
When was franz ferdinand of austria assassinated?
1914
Who were the allied powers of the first world war
Britain, france, russia, japan, belgium, serbia, greece, italy, romania, and the us
Who did the allied powers fight against in the first world war
Germany, austro-hungarian empire, the ottoman empire, bulgaria
When did the first world war end
1918
What happened in 1913 with ireland
The british government promised Home Rule, a self-governed ireland with its own parliament, but sitll part of the uk. Postponed by the first world war.
What was the easter rising
1916 an irish uprising due to the delay in home rule, against the british in dublin. the leaders were executed.
When was a peace treaty signed in ireland, making ireland into two countries?
1921 and 1922
What year was the great depression
1929
Some positives of the great depression
the auto and aviation industries developed, car ownership doubled, new housing built, cultural blossoming. BBC started radio broadcasts and first regular tv series.
When did adolf hitler come into power in germany
1933, he believed conditions imposed by the allies were unfair
