History Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
commonwealth
A
a large territory with a multiplicity of independent regional rulers under a single religion
2
Q
sequence of Arab conquests
A
Oman, Egypt, Armenia, Iberia
3
Q
Which battle checked Muslim expansion into Western Europe?
A
Poitiers
4
Q
Which statement best describes Byzantium in 750 CE?
A
It had lost significant territory to Arab armies, but it was not defeated
5
Q
Sharia
A
The combined body of the legal verses of the Quran, the prophetic Sunna, and the legal commentaries of the 800s and 900s, covering law as well as morality.
6
Q
jihad
A
“the struggle”
7
Q
Umma
A
Community of all who believe in one God, with Muhammad as his prophet, and reject pagan idolatry or associationism, such as the Christian doctrine of Trinity.
8
Q
Sunna
A
The paradigmatic “path” of Muhammad’s traditions, which, if trodden by believers, will lead to salvation.
9
Q
where did the Arabs live?
A
The Arabs had been nomadic inhabitants of the Syrian-Arabian desert
10
Q
Which of the following do NOT govern a Muslim’s behavior?
A
Matriarchal commands
11
Q
To Sunni Muslims, what authority is considered supreme?
A
The consensus of the umma
12
Q
In the 9th century, who held de facto power in the Islamic Empire?
A
Turkic guards
13
Q
Caliph
A
Turkic guards
14
Q
Trinitarian
A
Christianity based on the doctrine of God the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
15
Q
What is iconoclasm?
A
The destruction of religious images
16
Q
Which newly-converted Muslim group destroyed the Byzantines at Manzikert?
A
The Seljuks
17
Q
What prompted the Third Crusade?
A
The loss of Jerusalem
18
Q
the bread of the Eucharist
A
Byzantium accused Rome of serving unleavened bread, which it denounced as “Jewish.”
19
Q
Which state represented Islamic civilization at its peak
A
The Mamluks
20
Q
What kind of market spread directly as a result of Islamic cultural unity?
A
Luxury items
21
Q
What was the most damaging byproduct of extensive travel in this period?
A
The spread of the Black Death
22
Q
decentralization
A
greater regional autonomy & power
23
Q
warring states
A
china kind of a golden age for
martial aristocrats, but not so
good for others
24
Q
came after Zhou dynasty
A
Qin dynasty
25
what was the philosophy of the Qin dynasty
legalism
26
became king of Qin in 246 BCE
Qin Shi Huang Di
27
Which state represented Islamic civilization at its peak?
The Mamluks
28
What kind of market spread directly as a result of Islamic cultural unity?
Luxury items
29
What was the most damaging byproduct of extensive travel in this period?
The spread of the Black Death
30
The House of Wisdom was located in
Baghdad
31
Which of these best describes Al-Khwarizmi?
mathematician
32
Which of these was used to calculate the circumference of the earth?
the relationship of the earth to the sun
33
What is Sufism?
Meditative devotion to faith, expressed in the form of prayer, ecstasy, chanting, or dancing.
34
Avars
Turkic group in SE Europe
35
Khazars
Jewish Turks in Caucasus
36
Saljuqs
more political than ethnic, but mostly Turk
37
Rus
Scandinavian/Slavs in Eastern Europe
38
Turkic peoples:
Avars, Khazars, and Saljuqs
38
Bulgars
Slavic groups in SE Europe
39
Slavic peoples:
Rus, Bulgars
40
The Byzantine Empire
the eastern half of the old Roman Empire, from the 300s onward became increasingly Christian, and survived until 1453 CE
41
lingua franca
Greek
42
Emperor Justinian
last great Roman Emperor, his general Belisarius re-
conquered much of the old
Roman Empire in Africa &
Italy
43
Justinian Code:
basis of
Roman law = basis of law
in Mid East
44
The Sassanian Empire 224-651 CE
- multi-ethnic but ruled by
a Persian elite
- sponsored Zoroastrianism
but tolerated other religions
45
Heraclius
set out to re-conquer Jerusalem
for God = basically a Christian holy
war then defeated Persian Sassanians and brought True Cross back to Jerusalem
46
Leo III the Isaurian (d. 741)
– from Syria & spoke Arabic as well as Greek
– overall: excellent commander & general
47
Who militarily, saved the Byzantine empire from civil war & from Arab/Muslim invasion
Leo III the Isaurian (d. 741)
48
Who forged alliances for the Byzantine Empire with Bulgars and Khazars against Muslims
Leo III the Isaurian (d. 741)
49
Who also forged a marriage alliance with Avars for the Byzantine Empire
Leo III the Isaurian (d. 741)
50
Byzantine missionaries went to Eastern Europe, spread faith & also est. diplomatic & cultural ties between Byz. & Slavs
Christianity and the Slavic People
51
What does "Islam" mean?
"submission," specifically submission to the will of God
52
Where does the word Allah come from?
comes from the Arabic ilah
53
What does "ilah" mean
ilah means "god" & it refers to
non-Abrahamic pagan deities, e.g. Zeus, Ba'al, Lat, Manat, & Uzza
54
What does Allah mean?
Allāh means “The God," and refers to the God was worshipped by Jews, Christians, & Muslims
55
where was Muhammad born?
570 CE: born in Hijaz region of western Arabia; orphaned early; grew up with relatives
56
For Muslims who was the messenger of God and the prophet of Islam?
Muhammad
57
For Muslims, it is the word of God as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad
Guran/Koran
58
Sunna
words, deeds, and customs of Muhammad
59
hadith
verified reports of Sunna, was collected into books beginning in 600s-700s, 6 canonical collections of hadith after ca. 900 CE
60
2nd only to Quran in religious, theological, and legal authority
hadith
61
al-Shahāda
profession of faith
62
al-Ṣalāh
daily prayers
63
al-Ṣawn
fasting in Ramadan
64
al-Zakat
alms for the poor
65
al-Ḥajj
pilgrimage to Mecca
66
The Five Pillars
al-Shahāda, al-Ṣalāh, al-Ṣawn, al-Zakat, and al-Ḥajj
67
Where does the word jihād comes from
the root jīm–hā’–dāl, which means "to strive" or "to struggle."
68
"greater jihad"
a personal struggle against sin
69
"lesser jihad"
is armed conflict
70
Classical Islamic thought generally views jihad
as a community obligation rather than an individual obligation
71
Most Muslims throughout history have not counted jihad as one of the pillars of Islam, but
there have always been some Muslims who do consider it one of the
pillars and a personal, individual obligation.
72
The Rashidun Caliphs
Abu Bakr al-Sadiq (r. 632-634)
Umar b. al-Khattab (r. 634-644)
Uthman b. Affan (r. 644-656)
Ali b. Abi Talib (r. 656-661)
73
The vast majority of early Muslims WERE
Arabs
74
Timelines of the Conquests/Openings 632-640:
Syria
75
Timelines of the Conquests/Openings 639-642:
Egypt
76
Timelines of the Conquests/Openings 632-652:
Iraq, Iran,
Armenia
77
Timelines of the Conquests/Openings 642-670:
N. Africa
78
Timelines of the Conquests/Openings 700:
Afghanistan &
Pakistan
79
Timelines of the Conquests/Openings 711-714:
(most of) Spain
80
750-945: “Golden Age" of
he Abbasid caliphate
81
when was the Mongol invasion
82
Christianity spread through Mediterranean even though
often
illegal & persecuted
83
when did Emperor Constantine legalized Christianity
312 CE
84
Theodosius made it favored/official religion of Roman Empire
Christianity
85
Roman Empire in Europe was overrun by barbarians & the Church
was all that remained of
Roman law, order, & civilization
86
Clovis, king of the Franks, became
(Latin/Catholic) Christian
87
various groups of Germanic & Asiatic invaders broke through the Roman frontiers in Europe.
4th century CE onwards
88
Other groups within the empire became stronger in the absence of Roman arms.
The barbarian invasions meant the end of the old Roman order & the
beginning of new systems of gov’t. & law.
89
N. African Latin/Catholic
Christian philosopher
st. Augustine
90
very influential in Christian Europe; his City of God and Confessions widely read provided a philosophical basis for medieval political order
St. Augustine
91
Popes
the heads of Roman Catholic Church; acc. to believers, they
are God's representatives on Earth
92
Cardinals
high-ranking archbishops
93
Archbishops
bishops who oversee several other bishops
94
Bishops
high-ranking priests who oversee several churches
95
Priests
oversee one church or parish
96
Monks and Nuns
usually live in convents; some perform functions
similar to priests
97
Laypeople, the Laity
non-clerics
98
Rites that one performs for religious purposes, usually to gain salvation in the next life. In many religions, only certain people (priests) can perform valid sacraments.
Sacraments
99
monasticism
devotion of one’s life to imitation of a spiritual exemplar, e.g. Jesus and His Apostles
100
hermitic vs. cenobitic
monasticism:
individual vs. communal monasticism
101
They were Christian, but they were also violent tribal warlords.
The Franks & the Merovingian Kings
102
The pattern: Local princes & lords fought each other to expand their kingdoms. Occasionally, a king like Clovis would unite them for a short time.
The Franks & the Merovingian Kings
103
an administrator who helped Merovingian child-kings rule until the came of age
mayor of the palace
104
rose to power as “mayors of the palace” under Merovingians
The Carolingians
105
replaced the Merovingians & made themselves kings
The Carolingians
106
brought more centralized rule to Europe than at any time since the Romans
The Carolingians
107
Benedictine monk & missionary who converted pagan German tribes to Christianity
St. Boniface
107
destroyed non-Christian sacred shrines, e.g. Thor’s Sacred Oak
Boniface
108
fought Muslims Arabs/Berbers in the west & pagan Avars in the east
Charlemagne (d. 814)
109
imperium christianum
“Christian power” or, roughly, “Christian empire”
110
pope made him “emperor of romans” in 800 CE
Boniface
111
various Carolingian dynasties ruled parts of Europe into the 10th century, but by the 11th century, new dynasties had taken over, e.g. Hugh Capet, (d. 987) founder of the Capetian Dynasty of France
Carolingian dynasties
112
Louis the Pious (r. 814-840) his sons, Charles the Bald (d. 877), Lothair (d. 855), and Louis the German (d. 876), inherited the empire & split it
up in 842 with the Strasbourg Oaths and then more formally in 843 with the Treaty of Verdun
Carolingian history
113
unified China after 400 years
of fragmentation
The Sui Dynasty
114
really only 2 emperors: Wen
Di and Yang Di
The Sui Dynasty
115
re- established Confucianism also encouraged Buddhism
The Sui Dynasty
116
Great Canal built (connected N. & S. China)
The Sui Dynasty
117
set stage for Tang Dynasty
The Sui Dynasty
118
equal land distribution est. mints and copper coins
Tang Dynasty
119
state exams = competent gov’t. officials
Tang Dynasty
120
greater exposure to outside world through trade contacts was also a great age for art and culture
Tang Dynasty
121
Li Yuan = Gaozou
Early Tang Emperors
122
Li Shimin = Tang Taizong
Early Tang Emperors
123
Empress Wu
Early Tang Emperors
124
Xuan Zang
Chinese Buddhist monk who studied in India & brought Buddhist scripture back to China; argued that perceivable reality is but a
representation of the mind; “Consciousness Only School” of thought
125
Chinese student of Xuan Zang who
argued that all sentient beings posses Buddha-nature;
everything living thing is connected; “Flower
Ornament School” of thought
Fazang
126
in Tang era, based on Confucian, Daoist, & Buddhist texts
Civil Service in Tang China
127
open to most males & allowed for some social mobility
Civil Service in Tang China
128
furthered pattern of education & gov’t. that continued into 20th century
Civil Service in Tang China
129
new strains of rice = 2 harvests/year = ________
population growth, urban growth, & increased trade
130
Islamic incursions into Central Asia ca 750s onward
reversed trend of westward expansion
131
large empire = large government = expensive
government = high taxes = poverty, famine, &
unhappy people = ....?
rebellion
132
Mongol Hordes/Khanates/Dynasties
133
known for brutal warfare, e.g.
scorched earth policies, ruining
irrigation, & wiping out cities
Ghengis Khan (d.1227)
134
followed traditional (and poorly
understood) ancient Mongol religion
but tolerated all religions as long as
their followers submitted to his
authority
Ghengis Khan (d.1227)
135
United Central Asia Mongol tribes. ca. 1206 CE embarked on world
conquest. led Mongols to victory in China, Central Asia, & Mid East. Founded dynasties in China, Central
Asia, Mid East, & Russia
Ghengis Khan (d.1227)
136
drifted away from Tang
Buddhism & toward Neo-
Confucianism
Song dynasty
137
introduced paper money, introduced moveable type
Song Dynasty
138
China saw massive population growth: 5 cities with over 1 million people; total pop. of 120 million = ¼ world’s pop. at the time
Song Dynasty
139
perfected civil service with restoration of exams and heavy punishments
The Ming Dynasty
140
heavily centralized rule under
powerful emperors, civil servants,
eunuchs, and spies
The Ming Dynasty
141
sultan
a Muslim ruler, usually more powerful than a king (
142
sultanate
realm that a sultan rules
143
khan
title used among Central Asian and Middle Eastern peoples;
means “leader;” can be anything from a local lord to an emperor
khanate: realm that a khan rules
144
khanate
realm that a khan rules
145
slave who became sultan
Iltutmish
146
His daughter, Raziya,
became 1st sultana (female
sultan)
Iltutmish
147
defended India against Mongol
invasions
Alauddin Khalji
148
wage & price controls to help
common man, especially soldiers & poor
Alauddin Khalji
149
