HISTORY Flashcards
(214 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 reasons for the cause of WW2?
A
- Hitler’s Aggression
-Without Hitler’s plan for expansion, there would be no World War 2. - Failure of The League of Nations
-Failed to stop Hitler’s aggression. - Appeasement
-Britain and France gave in to instead of STOPPING him.
2
Q
What were Hitler’s 3 aims resulting in WW2?
A
- Creating a Greater Germany
-Uniting all German speakers (Austria, Czechoslovakia) - Destroying the Treaty of Versailles
-Taking back the land Germany had lost, and rebuilding Germany’s army. - Creating lebensraum ‘living space’
-Taking land from USSR and Eastern Europe
3
Q
What are the 7 steps of Hitler’s took to prepare Germany for war?
A
1933
Withdrawal from League of Nations
1935
Rearmament and Conscription
1936
Remilitarisation of the Rhineland
1938
Anschluss
1938
Munich Conference
1939
Nazi-soviet pact
1939
Invasion of Poland
4
Q
In 1935, Hitler announced to the whole world that he was going to build up the GERMANY ARMY again. What did the LoN do?
A
Nothing
5
Q
When did WW2 STARTand END?
A
1 Sep 1939 - 2 Sep 1945
6
Q
1933 World Disarmament Conference
A
-Hitler proposed France to disarm to the same level of Germany.
-France objected.
-Hitler used their refusal as an excuse to leave League of Nations.
7
Q
What were the 4 main events of Hitler’s Aggressive Foreign Policy?
A
- Remilitarisation of Rhineland (1936)
- Anschluss (1938)
- The Munich Conference (1938)
- Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939)
8
Q
1935 The Saar Plebiscite
A
-Under the Treaty of Versailles, the Saar had been controlled by the League of Nations for 15 YEARS.
-In 1935, a vote took place to decide whether Germany or France should control the area.
+90% voted for Germany.+
9
Q
1935 Rearmament and Conscription
A
In 1935, Hitler announced remilitarisation to the world.
Germany also signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement.
This allowed Germany to have a navy one-third the size of Britain’s.
10
Q
(4) 1935 The ANGLO-GERMAN NAVAL CONFERENCE
A
-Agreement between Germany and England.
-Allowed Germany to have a navy one-third the size of Britain’s.
-AGAINST the terms of treaty of versailles.
-The Agreement was an example of Appeasement.
11
Q
What was the Locarno Treaty?
A
A treaty that guaranteed peace between Germany and France.
12
Q
How did France, Britain, LoN react to Hitler’s Remilitarisation of the Rhineland?
A
-The French were busy with elections.
-The British were in no mood for a war.
-The League condemned the act, and did nothing else.
13
Q
What year was Rhineland remilitarised?
A
1936
14
Q
1937 Spanish Civil War
A
In 1936 a bloody civil war had broken out in Spain between a group of NATIONALIST FASCISTS
(led by General Franco) vs. the DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS.
15
Q
Why were Hitler’s 3 reasons for sending troops and weapons to help General Franco in the 1937 Spanish Civil War?
A
-He could test out new weapons such as his Luftwaffe (German air force). His troops would also get experience of fighting in a war.
-If Franco won, Hitler would have gained an ally.
-The Communist USSR was supporting Franco’s enemies, and Hitler had sworn to destroy Communism. If the Republicans won in Spain,
Hitler feared that this would become a strong
Communist state in the west. He was
determined not to let this happen.
16
Q
1938 Anschluss
A
[NAZIS in Austria started riots]
-Under pressure, Austria called for a plebiscite (vote).
-Nazi troops were stationed at voting booths.
-99.75% of the population voted for Anschluss.
17
Q
1938 The Munich Conference
A
-In 1938, Hitler threatened to go to war to take the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) by force.
-Chamberlain met with Hitler and promised to give Hitler the areas where more than 50% of the population were German.
-But Hitler demanded all the Sudetenland.
-Chamberlain next met Hitler at the Munich Conference. At Munich, France and Britain gave in to Hitler and agreed to give him the whole Sudetenland.
-Hitler promised not to take any more land.
18
Q
What country did Hitler invade in 1939 despite the Munich Agreement?
A
Czechoslovakia
19
Q
In 1936, Hitler remilitarised the ______1___________.
In 1938, through Anschluss, Germany merged with _______2________.
In 1938, during the Munich Conference, Hitler took over the _______3_________ without a fight.
A
- Rhineland
- Austria
3.Sudetenland
20
Q
1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact (when Germany and USSR agreed to divide Poland)
A
-Hitler’s next target was Poland.
-He knew that if he invaded Poland, Britain and France would attack from the west, and the USSR would attack from the east.
This was a problem.
21
Q
Why did Hitler invade Poland?
A
-Under the Treaty of Versailles, the Polish Corridor had been taken from Germany. Hitler wanted it back.
22
Q
Why did Hitler and Stalin sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
A
[HITLER]
-Hitler wanted to avoid fighting a war on two fronts.
-The Pact would delay war with the USSR.
[STALIN]
-Stalin signed the Pact to buy more time to build his army and prepare for war.
23
Q
Were the AALAND ISlANDS a success/failure for LoN?
(Sweden & Finland)
A
[SUCCESS]
Both Sweden and Finland claimed the Aaland Islands, which were between the two
countries.
● The League decided that the islands should go to Finland.
● However Finland was not allowed to build forts on the islands, so they couldn’t be
used as a base for attack.
● Both countries agreed.’
24
Q
Was BULGARIA a success/failure for LoN?
(Greek & Bulgaria)
A
[SUCCESS]
When a Greek soldier was killed on the Bulgarian border, Greece invaded Bulgaria.
● Bulgaria appealed to the League for help. The League condemned the Greeks and
ordered them to withdraw troops and pay compensation.
● Greece thought that the League was being hypocritical, as Mussolini had got away
with similar actions in Corfu.
25
Was CORFU a success/ failure for LoN?
(Greece & Albania)
[FAILURE]
After WWI, the boundaries of Greece and Albania had to be redrawn.
An Italian general called Tellini was in charge - but he was murdered in Greece while surveying the
land.
● Mussolini, the ruler of Italy, was furious. He demanded the Greeks hand over the
murderers, but the Greeks did not know who had done it. On 31 August 1923, Italy invaded
Corfu (a Greek island). Greece appealed to the League for help.
● At first, the League sided with Greece. But they did not want to upset Italy.
The League soon backed down and ruled that Greece had to apologise and compensate Italy.
This incident showed that the League was powerless against strong countries.
26
1931 Mukden Railway Incident
In 1931, the Japanese army claimed that Chinese soldiers had blown up a section of the South Manchurian Railway line.
-The railway line was owned by Japan.
-The Japanese army
used the incident as an excuse to invade Manchuria.
27
Give 4 reasons why the LoN was unable to manage the Mukden Railway Incident
The Japanese army set up a puppet government in Manchuria that did exactly what the army wanted them to.
China asked the League to intervene. But:
1. Japan was a member of the League’s Security Council.
2. Manchuria was far away.
3. Japan claimed it had acted in self-defence.
4. Britain and France were still struggling to recover from the Depression.
28
1932 Lytton Report
The League of Nations took a long time to decide what to do. A British politician, Lord Lytton, was put in charge of the investigation.
The Lytton Report was finally produced in 1932, over a year after the Japanese had invaded Manchuria.
It said that Japan had acted unlawfully and Manchuria should be returned to the Chinese.
29
What was Japan's response to the Lytton Report 1932?
-All members of the League agreed with the Lytton Report, apart from Japan.
-Japan ignored the League and left the organisation.
-The League couldn’t agree how to respond. It didn’t introduce any sanctions.
30
1935 Italy Invasion of Abyssinia
The League stopped selling weapons to both sides.
Britain and France didn’t close the Suez Canal, so Italy continued shipping war supplies to the war against Abyssinia.
Worst of all, Britain and France secretly signed the Hoare-Laval Pact.
They agreed to give two-thirds of Abyssinia to Italy to stop the invasion.
31
What is APPEASEMENT?
Appeasement is the policy of giving in to the demands of an aggressive country in order to keep the peace.
32
What are two examples of appeasement?
1. [ The Anglo-German Naval Agreement 1935]
-The agreement allowed Germany to have a navy one-third the size of Britain’s navy.
-This appeared like Britain was encouraging Germany to break the Treaty of Versailles.
2. [The Munich Conference 1938]
-Chamberlain gave in to Hitler’s demands to take over Sudetenland.
-War was temporarily avoided, and Chamberlain was welcomed as a ‘hero’ for securing ‘peace in our time’.
6 months later, Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia. Appeasement had failed!
33
Name 4 reasons why Britain followed appeasement.
1. Fear of another war
-World War I devastated both Britain and France.
-The people wanted to avoid another war.
-The Great Depression also made rearmament difficult.
-British PM Neville Chamberlain knew that the British public wouldn’t support war against Germany.
-Most people ignored the remilitarisation of the Rhineland.
People had cheered the Munich Agreement.
2. Buying time to re-arm
-The Great Depression had badly affected the economies of Britain and France.
-They had less money to spend on the army.
-Britain and France needed more time to build up their armies to match Hitler’s.
3. Sympathy for Germany
-Many British people felt the Treaty of Versailles had been too harsh on Germany.
-Hitler’s actions in Austria and the Sudetenland were seen as self-determination.
-Hitler was admired for restoring German pride and destroying communism.
4. Fear of Communism
-Many people believed that communism was a greater evil than Nazism.
-They were afraid that communist revolutions would break out in their countries.
-People believed a stronger Germany would act as a shield against the Soviet Union and the spread of communism.
34
What is self-
determination?
Self-determination is the ability of people to choose who they want to be ruled by.
35
Which event in 1929 made rearmament difficult?
The Great Depression
36
(3) Why was Germany defeated in WW2?
1. Role of the USA
-US economic and military strength.
2. Germany’s weaknesses
-Confusing command structure and shortage of resources.
3. Role of the Allies
-Role of the USSR, Britain and the underground resistance.
37
Role of USA in WW2.
USA produced... a year.
As the largest economic power in the world, the US converted their factories to produce war equipment.
USA produced:
-120,000 aircraft a year
-70,000 tanks a year
-£84.5 billion spent on war
-More than 16,000,000 US soldiers fought.
38
What technology did the US help the Allies to develop?
Anti-submarine weapons and radar
39
(2) USA's TECHNOLOGY in WW2.
1. The US also helped the Allies develop better equipment such as anti-submarine weapons and radar.
-The Allies could blockade German ports, preventing essential resources from reaching the Germans.
2. Germany was forced to recall its U-boats in 1943 and lost control of the sea.
-This slowed down German production of war materials.
40
6 June 1944
[D-Day Landings]
-This was an amphibious landing on France. It was crucial to freeing France from the Nazis.
-Under the experienced leadership of General Eisenhower, the Allied troops were able to defeat German forces.
41
Who was the US General who led D-Day?
General Dwight D Eisenhower
42
D-Day was to liberate __________ from the ________. It was an ________________ invasion involving beach landings and paratroopers.
FRENCH, NAZIS, AMPHIBIOUS
43
WW2 [German Weakness] INEFFECTIVE COMMAND STRUCTURE
-The German army had a confusing system of overlapping authority.
-Hitler wanted to make all decisions himself, ignoring experienced generals.
-In Britain, Hitler ordered attacks on British cities instead of destroying the Royal Air Force.
-In the Soviet Union, Hitler ordered attacks on other Russian cities like Ukraine, instead of focusing on capturing Moscow.
44
WW2 [German Weakness] (3) SHORTAGE OF WEAPONS
1. COMPETITION
-The army, navy and air force competed with each other for limited funds instead of working together.
2. SPARE PARTS
-The German army produced too many different weapons, which had too many different spare parts.
3. NOT TESTED
-Some of the weapons were not tested before mass production, resulting in wastage.
45
WW2 [German Weakness]
SHORTAGE OF OIL
Germany did not have enough oilfields. So, they invented synthetic oil (fake manmade oil).
However, from 1943, Germany’s synthetic oil plants and oilfields were heavily bombed.
The Ploesti oilfields in Romania were also put out of operation.
46
WW2 [German Weakness]
(2) FIGHTING A WAR ON TWO FRONTS
1. After D-Day in 1944, USA invaded Europe. Hitler had to fight both the USA and the USSR at the same time.
2. This was very difficult as they already had limited resources due to PETROL SHORTAGES and INEFFICIENT ARMAMENT PRODUCTION.
47
What were the oilfields in Romania called during WW2?
Ploesti Oil fields
48
Why were German tanks difficult to produce?
Too many different spare parts
49
WW2 [German Weakness]
(3) ROLE OF THE USSR
1. Leadership
-Stalin reorganised the army, and placed competent generals like Zhukov in charge.
2. Industry
-Major Russian industries were also moved to central and eastern Russia, beyond German reach.
3. T-34 Tanks
-The USSR created the T-34 tank, which could be produced in huge numbers.
50
General Zhukov WW2 USSR
Zhukov was the most acclaimed Soviet military commander of World War Two. His victories over the Germany army, often at great cost in Soviet lives, did much to hasten the end of the war.
51
T-34 TANK
By mid-1941, the USSR had more than 22,000 tanks—more tanks than all the armies of the world combined, and four times the number Germany had.
By the end of the war, the Soviet Union had produced nearly 60,000 T-34 tanks.
52
Soviet industries were moved towards the _______ to be safe from the German invasion.
EAST
53
[THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD]
23 Aug 1942 – 2 Feb 1943
The Battle of Stalingrad was a turning point. After losing the battle, the German army lost so many soldiers that they never recovered.
Stalingrad was an industrial and communications centre.
Also, it was named after Stalin. This made the city important to Stalin and also important to Hitler, who hated Stalin.
54
Order 227 "Not One Step Back"
As a result of Order 227, any soldier found guilty of a disciplinary offence would be sent to a special unit for punishment. These units would be used for marching across minefields before the main infantry.
Another new unit created by Order 227 was the ‘blocking battalion’. Men in these units would be at the rear and would shoot anyone who retreated. So soldiers had two options: attack and get shot by the Germans, or retreat and get shot by their fellow Russians.
55
Why was the Battle of Stalingrad a turning point?
The Germans lost so many soldiers (500,000), they never recovered
56
(3) Britain's The Enigma code WW2
1. British intelligence also managed to crack German codes.
2. They knew where the Germans would attack next.
3. This led to Germany’s defeat because it allowed Britain to adapt their strategies accordingly.
57
1940 Battle of Britain
In 1940 Hitler sent 2,600 Luftwaffe fighters and bombers to destroy the Royal Air Force.
The Hurricanes, with their sturdy frames, took on the bombers. The Spitfires, with their superior speed and agility, were sent up to shoot down German fighters. By the end of the battle the RAF had defeated the Luftwaffe and downed 1,887 German planes. The RAF lost 1,023 planes.
58
What were the names of the British planes?
The Spitfire and the Hurricane
59
[ROLE OF ALLIED RESISTANCE]
RESISTANCE GROUPS IN EUROPE
-When Germany attacked the USSR, the Communists, who were used to underground movements, resisted the Nazis.
-The French also resisted the Nazis.
-Lots of resources and effort was spent putting down resistance movements.
60
(4) Resistance movements by RESISTANCE GROUPS IN EUROPE:
1. Sabotaged German operations
2. Spread false intelligence to Germans
3. Gathered intelligence for Allies
4. Helped POWs who had escaped
61
WW1 Date
1914-1918
62
Kaiser Wilhelm II
-For the past 30 years, Germany has been ruled by Kaiser Wilhelm II. Germany also has a parliament called the Reichstag.
-The Kaiser abdicates
On 9 November 1918, under pressure from the people, the Kaiser abdicates. He escapes to the Netherlands.
63
Friedrich Ebert TAKES OVER
On 9 November 1918, Friedrich Ebert became the new leader of Germany. Ebert was leader of
the Social Democrats, the
largest party in the
Reichstag.
64
(3) The Weimar Constitution
1. Elections took place every four years and all Germans over 20 could vote.
It guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech and religion.
2. [Proportional Representation]
Each party got the same percentage of seats in parliament as the votes they received. So there were lots of small parties in the Reichstag, making it difficult to pass laws.
3. [Article 48]
This gave the president additional power during an emergency. But it did not clearly define what an 'emergency' was, so the power was overused, which weakened Germans’ confidence in democracy.
65
Who was the leader of the Weimar government in 1919?
Friedrich Ebert
66
How did WW1 end?
An armistice (ceasefire) is signed between Germany and the Allies @ 11 November 11am 1918
67
The Spartacist Uprising, January 1919
And its leader
The Spartacists organise a general strike against the Weimar Government. They take over public buildings and put up red flags in the streets.
Leader:
Rosa Luxemburg was a revolutionary who came to Germany in 1898. She married a German colleague to avoid getting deported, but parted from him right after the ceremony.
She was a brilliant speaker and writer, and had an international reputation as ‘Red Rosa’.
68
How did Friedrich Ebert and the Weimar government stop the Spartacist Uprising?
By deploying the Freikorps
69
(4) The Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
1. WAR GUILT CLAUSE 231
2. MILITARY
-No tanks, aircraft and submarines were allowed.
-Limit of 100,000 soldiers in the army.
-The navy was restricted to 6 battleships.
3. ECONOMIC
-£6.6 billion reparations
4. TERRITORIAL
-Saar Coalfield
-Colonies in Africa and Asia
-Rhineland (demilitarised)
-Alsace-Lorraine
-Polish Corridor
70
March 1920 [Why did the Kapp Putsch happen?]
In March 1920, the government tried to disband the Freikorps. This was to keep in line with the 100,000 men limit placed on Germany’s army.
The Freikorps, led by Wolfgang Kapp, marched into Berlin and declared a new government. The army didn’t stop them.
71
How did Friedrich Ebert and the Weimar government stop the Kapp Putsch?
By telling the people to go on strike!
72
1923 [The invasion of the Ruhr]
Germany fell behind on its reparation payments. But France was determined to make Germany pay.
In 1923, 60,000 French and Belgian troops marched into the Ruhr, the heart of industrial Germany.
They took over all mines, factories and railways. They took supplies from shops. The Germans were humiliated.
73
1923 [Hyperinflation]
In order to solve its economic problems, the government printed more money.
The more money is printed, the less it is worth.
Prices soared. This was hyperinflation.
[In Jan 1919, one US dollar = 9 marks.
In Nov 1923, one US dollar = 200 billion marks.]
People’s savings became worthless overnight.
74
The Weimar Government were called the _________ for signing the armistice that ended WWI.
November Criminals
75
During the invasion of the Ruhr, the Germans adopted a policy of passive resistance. What did this involve?
Going on strike!
76
[1923] The Munich Putsch
-On 8 November 1923, Hitler interrupted a meeting in a beer hall in Munich. Gustav von Kahr, the head of the Bavarian government, was speaking.
-Hitler announced that he was going to take over the whole country. In Munich, Hitler’s stormtroopers
took control of government buildings.
-Then, everything went wrong. Kahr promised to help and was
released, but he contacted
the police instead.
-When Hitler and his supporters were marching through Munich, they were met by armed police. There was a gun battle. Days later, Hitler was arrested.
77
[TRIAL & IMPRISONMENT]
for Hitler after the Munich Putsch 1923
Hitler’s trial lasted 24 days.
-It was a media sensation. He used the opportunity to
criticise the Weimar
Government.
-He impressed the judges and the people of Germany.
78
(4) Gustav Stresemann's Contribution to the recovery of Germany
1. Hyperinflation
-Stopped the printing of the old paper money. He replaced it with the RENTENMARK.
2. Invasion of the Ruhr
-Stresemann called off ‘passive resistance’ and borrowed money from the US to pay their reparations. This was called the Dawes Plan. So French troops left the Ruhr.
3. Germany's International Image
-Stresemann improved Germany’s standing by signing treaties like the Locarno Pact and joining the League of Nations.
4. Germany's Economy
-With the Dawes Plan, Germany recovered and built factories, houses, schools and roads. People had jobs and earned more money.
79
1929 THE GREAT DEPRESSION
-> affect on Weimar Germany
In October 1929, the Wall Street Crash occurred. American banks demanded all the money they had lent to Germany. Germany couldn’t pay.
-Unemployment soared. 6 million people lost their jobs.
-Many unemployed people could only afford to sleep on ropes in homeless shelters.
80
(4) REASONS WHY THE NAZIS ROSE TO POWER
1. Hitler's speaking skills and charisma
2. Nazi Ideology
3. Reorganization of the Nazi Party
4. Fear of Communism
81
HITLER’S SPEAKING SKILLS AND CHARISMA
Hitler had a charismatic personality, and made people believe that he could make Germany a great nation. A powerful and inspiring speaker, he filled his audiences with hope.
82
Nazi Ideology
Hitler promised to:
-get rid of the Treaty of Versailles
-make Germany great again
-solve the ‘Jewish Problem’
83
(5) Reorganisation of the Nazi Party
1. Nazi party offices were set up all over Germany.
2. The Nazis had rallies and parades.
3. The SA protected Nazi meetings and intimidated voters.
4. The Nazis used propaganda through radios and posters.
5. The Hitler Youth attracted the youth through camps.
84
Which parties became more popular after the Great Depression?
Why?
1. KPD Communist Party
2. NSDAP Nazi Party
[Extreme Parties]
Millions blamed the Weimar government. People were willing to listen to extremists like the left-wing Communists and the right-wing Nazis, whose leaders proposed radical (revolutionary) solutions.
85
(3) German's Fear of Communism
[Businessman]
-Feared that their businesses would be nationalised.
[Farmers]
-Feared collectivisation.
[Middle Class]
-Feared Communism would destroy their way of life.
86
(3) What did Hitler ensure to the people about their Fear of communism?
[Businessman]
-Promised to protect businesses.
[Farmers]
-Promised that land wouldn't be confiscated.
[Middle class]
-Promised to protect small businesses and restore savings.
87
27 Feb 1933
[The Reichstag Fire]
On the night of 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was set on fire.
Inside the building the police found a Dutch Communist, van der Lubbe, who was arrested.
88
Who was the Dutch Communist who was arrested for setting the Reichstag Fire?
Marinus van der Lubbe
89
Emergency powers used during for Reichstag Fire
The next day Hitler persuaded President Hindenburg to pass an emergency decree. This emergency decree would limit freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly.
90
Blaming the Communists for the Reichstag Fire
Hitler used the fire as evidence that the Communists were plotting against his government.
That night the Nazis ordered the arrest and imprisonment of 4000 Communist leaders.
91
(5) How did Nazi terror tactics rose in the days after the Reichstag fire?
1. Opposition politicians were arrested and imprisoned
2. Enemies of the Nazis, especially Communists, could be executed
3. The SA could search and ransack the homes of suspected opponents.
4. Many opponents were driven into exile.
5. The Nazis intimidated voters by watching over them as they crossed their ballot papers.
92
How many Communists were arrested as a result of the Reichstag Fire?
4000
93
March 1933
[The Enabling Act]
This law would give Hitler the power to pass laws without going through the
Reichstag or the President.
94
(3) How did Hitler achieve The Enabling Act?
1. The Communist Party were banned from voting.
2. The Centre Party were persuaded to vote in favour of the law as Hitler promised to protect the Catholic Church.
3. Only the Social Democrats voted against it. The Enabling Law was passed by 444 votes to 94.
95
When did Hitler ban trade unions?
May 1933
96
When did Hitler ban political parties?
July 1933
97
What power would the Enabling Act give Hitler?
The power to pass laws without the approval of the Reichstag.
98
June 1934 [The Night of the Long Knives]
By 1934, Hitler had become concerned at the increasing power of the SA. It had over 3 million members and wanted to take control of the army.
99
(2) Why did Hitler attack the SA to reassure the army?
1.Well-trained and disciplined.
The only organisation that had the power to overthrow Hitler.
(Army leaders feared being taken over by the SA.
2. The army was also supported by powerful businessmen who wanted Hitler to expand the army and buy new weapons.
100
Who was the leader of the SA who was killed during the Night of the Long Knives?
Ernst Rohm
101
Who got rid of who on the Night of the Long Knives?
The SS got rid of the SA
102
-PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS-
(2) What were The Nuremberg Laws?
[The Reich citizenship Law]
-Jews living in Germany will no longer be allowed to have German citizenship.
[Law for Protection of German Blood]
Marriages between Jews and citizens of German blood are forbidden.
103
-PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS-
Kristallnacht
(Night of the Broken Glass) [9 NOV 1938]
-Dressed in plain clothes, SS troopers smashed up Jewish shops and businesses.
-Hundreds of synagogues were burnt down.
-20,000 Jews were taken to concentration camps.
-The Jews were fined I billion marks for damages related to Kristallnacht.
104
-PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS-
The Star of David (after Kristallnacht)
Reinhard Heydrich first recommended that Jews should wear identifying badges after Kristallnacht.
By 1941, Jews in Nazi-occupied countries (like Germany, Austria, Poland, parts of the USSR) were forced to wear the Star of David on their clothing.
105
-PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS-
(3) PHASES IN THE HOLOCAUST
PHASE 1: GHETTOS
Jews were sent to
ghettos in terrible conditions, where hundreds of thousands died of starvation and disease.
PHASE 2: MASS EXECUTIONS
SS soldiers started to round up Jews. The victims were taken to the edge of villages, forced to dig mass graves, and shot.
PHASE 3: EXTERMINATION CAMPS
Six death camps were built. Jews arrived at the camps on trains. They were split into two groups: those fit to work and those to be killed.
The second group was led into “showers”, where they were gassed.
106
-PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS-
JAN 1942: THE WANNSEE CONFERENCE
-Reinhard Heydrich led the meeting.
-At this meeting, it was agreed that all Jews would be brought to Poland, where those fit enough would be worked to death and the rest killed.
107
-PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS-
What and where was the largest Nazi concentration camp?
Country: Poland
-The Auschwitz concentration camp is the largest established by the Nazi regime.
108
-WOMEN AND YOUTH IN NAZI GERMANY-
What were the 3 Ks that women were supposed to follow in Nazi Germany?
-Kinder (children)
-Kuche (cooking)
-Kirche (church)
109
-PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS-
The Nazis gave newlyweds a loan of …….. marks and allowed them to keep ……… marks for each child they had.
1000, 250
110
-PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS-
The Motherhood Cross was awarded to women for having children:
bronze for ….. children, silver for ….. children, and gold for ….. or more children.
4, 6, 8
111
-PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS-
The …………………. programme encouraged unmarried women to have babies with SS men
Lebensborn
112
-PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS-
What was the name of the youth organisation for boys?
Hitler Youth
113
-PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS-
What was the name of the youth organisation for girls?
League of German Maidens
114
[RE-EMPLOYMENT]
The Reich Labour Service (RAD)
The RAD was for men aged 18-25. They dug ditches and planted forests, and did manual labour.
115
[RE-EMPLOYMENT] Rearmament and conscription in NAZI GERMANY
From 1935, men aged 18-25 were conscripted into the army for 2 years. Millions of jobs were also created in factories producing war equipment.
116
[REARMAMENT in Nazi Germany ]
The Four year Plan 1936
2 aims.
-In 1936, Goering introduced a Four Year Plan to increase military production.
-New tanks, battleships, planes and guns were built, creating thousands of jobs.
-Autarky (self-sufficiency). With autarky, Germany would not need to rely on other countries for raw
materials.
117
[CONSCRIPTION in Nazi Germany]
The Wehrmacht
-All males aged between 18 and 25 had to join the armed forces (Wehrmacht) for at least two years.
-The army grew from 100,000 in 1933 to 1.4 million by 1939.
118
[Hitler's Economic Policy]
RISE OF BIG BUSINESS
-Rearmament from 1935 onwards boosted profits of weapons companies.
-Managers of major industrial companies saw their incomes rise by 50 per cent between 1933 and 1939.
-Trade unions were banned so workers couldn’t fight for their rights.
119
-Hitler's Economic Policy-
[CONTROL OF WORKERS]
The Labour Front (DAF)
-A Nazi organisation that replaced trade unions, which were banned. It controlled the workers strictly.
-Workers had no rights.
Strikes were illegal and no one was allowed to leave their job without government permission.
-Wages fell and working hours increased.
120
-Hitler's Economic Policy-
[CONTROL OF WORKERS]
Strength through Joy (KDF)
-This scheme offered workers cheap holidays, theatre tickets and leisure activities.
-Each activity also involved the spread of Nazi ideas. Passengers on KdF cruise ships received political lectures.
-By 1938, 10 million people had enjoyed a state financed holiday.
-The prices were so low that many workers joined in even if they did not fully agree with Nazi ideology.
121
-Hitler's Economic Policy-
[CONTROL OF WORKERS]
1938 The Volkswagen Scheme
-In 1938, the Volkswagen scheme was created. This let workers pay 5 marks a week until eventually they owned a car.
-Many paid into the scheme, but no one ever received a car as World War II stopped production.
122
-Hitler's Economic Policy-
[CONTROL OF WORKERS]
Beauty of Labour (SDA)
-The SDA was a scheme to encourage workers to be proud of their work.
It helped improve working conditions through:
-better lighting
-safety equipment
-new washrooms
-low-cost canteens
-sports facilities
123
What were the 3 schemes for CONTROL OF WORKERS in Nazi Germany?
1. The Labour Front (DAF)
2. Strength through Joy (KDF)
3. Beauty of Labour (SDA)
124
-Hitler's Economic Policy-
Small businesses
-Many small businesses struggled.
-Rules on opening and running small businesses were tightened, which resulted in 20 per cent of them closing.
125
-Hitler's Economic Policy-
FARMERS
-Some farmers did well under the Nazis.
-By 1937, agricultural prices had increased by 20 per cent. This helped the farmers to make more profit.
-Agricultural wages rose more quickly than those in industry.
126
-Hitler's Economic Policy-
What was The Hereditary Farm Law in Nazi Germany?
The Hereditary Farm Law gave farmers state protection for their farms. Banks could not seize their land if they could not pay loans or mortgages.
127
(6) How the Nazis "reduced" unemplyment figures.
1. Many Jews were dismissed from their jobs and replaced my non-Jewish workers.
2. All unmarried men under 25 had to join the RAD.
3. Women were encouraged to give up work and stay at home to raise children.
4. Prisoners in concentration camps were not counted.
5. Part-time workers were counted as full-time workers.
6. None of the young men conscripted in the military were counted as unemployed.
128
Although Germany claimed to have full employment by 1939, what were the 2 groups of people not included?
1. Jews (sacked and expected to give their jobs to non-Jews)
2. Women (supposed
to be housewives)
129
-Nazi Terror-
The SS
-The SS (Blackshirts) was led by Heinrich Himmler.
-The SS was fanatically loyal to the Führer.
-It set up concentration camps where ‘enemies of the state’ were sent.
130
What were the 3 counterparts of the SS?
1. The SD
-Intelligence gathering agency of the SS.
-Responsible for the security of Hitler.
2. Death's Head
-In charge of concentration camps and murder of the Jews.
3. Waffen SS
-Special SS units that fought alongside the German army.
131
THE GESTAPO
(Secret Police) -Led by Reinhard Heydrich
-Its job was to monitor the German population for signs of opposition.
-It was helped by ordinary German people informing on their fellow citizens.
-Gestapo agents had sweeping powers. They could arrest citizens and send them to concentration camps without trial.
132
THE LEGAL SYSTEM
in Nazi Germany
The Nazis made opposition very difficult:
-Judges had to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler.
-All lawyers had to join the Nazi Lawyers' Association.
-The role of defence lawyers in criminal trials was weakened.
133
-Nazi Terror-
(5) CRIMES DESERVING DEATH in Nazi Germany
1. Having a relationship with a Jew
2. Telling an anti-Nazi joke
3. Stealing towels, a sheet and a pillow from an air-raid storage depot
4. A robbery committed by someone from a family of criminals
5. Breaking into the house of a soldier during the war
134
What is capitalism?
System where the economy is controlled by private individuals.
135
What is Eugenics and why is it harmful?
-The belief that you can improve the human species by mating people with desirable traits.
-This belief is cruel because it results in some lives being more valued than others.
136
Book Burnings in Nazi Germany
The Nazis wanted to control the ideas in people’s minds. On 10 May 1933, Nazi university students burnt 25,000 volumes of ‘un-German’ books. Many were by Jewish and Communist authors.
137
Why did Hitler want Czechoslovakia?
Hitler wanted to take over Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia had been created by the Treaty of Versailles, which Hitler had promised to destroy. Czechoslovakia also had many German people that Hitler wanted to include in his 'Greater Germany'. In particular, the Sudentenland, the part of Czechoslovakia closest to Germany, was home to 3 million Germans.
138
3 POLITICAL CHALLENGES in democratic Japan
1. Emperor Taisho was sickly and had various mental problems
2. The Prime Minister had to please the Privy Council, the Genro, and the military
3. There was rivalry between Minseito and Seiyukai - and the military liked neither
139
(3) [Japan democracy] The prime minister faced pressure from…
1. The Genro
2. The Military
3. The Privy Council
140
Who were the Genros?
Elderly statesmen who advised the Emperor
141
[Japan democracy] The military in Japan
Its leaders were appointed by the Emperor and could refuse to appoint Ministers for the Cabinet
142
Who was the Privy Council?
Powerful officials appointed by the Emperor
143
In 1921, Crown Prince Hirohito was named as _________.
Regent
144
[Democratic Japan] The two main political parties were called ________ and. _____.
Minseito and Seiyukai
145
The _____________________ advised the Emperor. They had enough influence to overturn decisions made by the Prime Minister.
Privy Council
146
(2) Socio-economic challenges in Democratic Japan after WW1.
1. Inflation
-After World War I, there was severe inflation which made goods very expensive. The price of rice increased by 174 per cent.
2. Unemployment
-Due to the decline in overseas demand for Japanese goods, large companies dismissed thousands of workers.
147
[Socio-economic challenges in Democratic Japan]
ROLE OF WOMEN
Traditionalist groups started to worry that young women were abandoning their traditional roles in families.
During the 1920s, many young women found jobs in cafes and restaurants. Others worked in Japan’s expanding silk mills and factories.
This was seen as a threat to Japanese society and values.
148
[Socio-economic challenges in Democratic Japan]
MODERN GIRLS IN JAPAN
Modern girls (モダンガール) were Japanese women who followed Westernised fashions and lifestyles in the period after World War I.
149
(4) [Socio-economic challenges in Democratic Japan]
Challenges in the countryside
1. Did not benefit from improved services and infrastructure in the cities
2. Insufficient land for farmers due to large population growth
3. Technological advances in farming, such as the use of better tools and cultivation techniques, did not spread quickly in the countryside
4. Most farmers were tenant farmers. Most of their harvest went towards paying rent, leaving them with barely enough to eat
150
[Socio-economic challenges in Democratic Japan]
INEQUALITY- IN THE CITIES
IN THE CITIES
-To strengthen Japan’s economy, the government continued to support the wealthy zaibatsu.
-Wealth became concentrated in the hands of the big businesses while workers continued to live in poverty.
151
[Socio-economic challenges in Democratic Japan]
INEQUALITY- IN THE COUNTRYSIDE
INEQUALITY- IN THE COUNTRYSIDE
-In the countryside, the richest landlords did not need to work on the farms themselves. They lived on rent collected from tenant farmers.
-These landlords lived in luxury, while their tenants lived in poverty.
152
What were the Zaibatsu?
-Zaibatsu were large businesses led by a single family. They were involved in nearly all of the important industries in Japan. They were involved in building railways, bridges and factories.
-The four main zaibatsu were Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo and Yasuda.
153
Rural-urban divide in democratic japan
The growing unhappiness of the poor towards the wealthy led to uprising such as the Rice Riots of 1918. These riots, led by angry workers, were triggered by the sudden increase in the prices of commodities, especially rice.
154
[THE GREAT KANTO EARTHQUAKE]
Date: 1st September 1923
Location: Tokyo
The earthquake triggered a tsunami, which caused fires all over the city.
75 per cent of Tokyo’s buildings were destroyed
100,000-200,000 people died
155
[THE KANTO MASSACRE]
-Within hours of the earthquake, rumours spread that Korean immigrants were poisoning wells and plotting to overthrow the Japanese government.
-Roving bands of Japanese went round Yokohama and Tokyo, massacring Koreans across the earthquake zone. The death toll is estimated at 6,000.
156
[The Impact of Kanto Earthquake]
-The quake and its aftermath worsened racist and nationalist tensions throughout Japan, leading many citizens to support militarism instead of democracy.
-Support for a stronger military role in the government, together with a growing distrust of foreigners, led to the rise of militarism in Japan.
157
EMPEROR SHOWA [Ruled from 1926 - 1989]
-Emperor Showa, also known as Emperor Hirohito, ruled Japan for 60 years, including the duration of World War 2.
-His reign started with many political, economic and social challenges, such as the banking financial crisis of 1927 and the Great Depression of 1929.
158
(4) The Showa Banking Crisis
1. Japan had many small banks. They lent money to a small number of borrowers from the same few industries.
2. Some of the industries didn’t do well. The banks had difficulty collecting their loans. Some loans had also been issued to companies that weren’t stable.
3. In 1927, there was panic among the Japanese people about the banks. People tried to withdraw their deposits, leading to a financial crisis.
4. Over 20 banks collapsed. Many people lost their savings. The Japanese government introduced new policies to stabilise the situation.
159
(6) The Great Depression
1. In October 1929, Wall Street crashed. The Great Depression started.
2. Japanese exports dropped 50% between 1929 and 1931. Public resentment towards the civilian government grew.
3. Income of farmers fell by an average of 43 per cent between 1929 and 1931. Tenant farmers tried to get landowners to reduce their rent but the landowners disagreed.
4. Tenant farmers organised themselves into unions. They held protest meetings and took the landowners to court. In some cases, the disputes turned violent.
5. The owners of small businesses struggled to attract customers. Many small businesses closed down.
6. Many business
owners joined movements
such as the Imperial Middle Class Federated Alliance.
They claimed the political parties were only looking after the landowners and zaibatsus.
160
Unemployment in Japan following the Great Depression
Most workers were only entitled to 14 days’ pay when they were dismissed. Workers protested, sometimes violently, against their employers who were typically from the elite classes.
Historians estimate 15 to 20 per cent of Japan’s workforce lost their jobs between 1930 and 1932.
161
Fear of Communism in Japan following the Great Deperession
-With increasing unemployment, many workers were attracted to the messages by communist agitators who criticised the state or even called for a revolution.
-Although Communism appealed to some workers, the Japanese Communist Party never took root in Japan.
-Nevertheless, the government feared the threat of Communism, specially since the USSR was geographically close to Japan.
162
Growing distrust in the government after the Great Depression
The effect of the Great Depression, combined with the existing economic problems in Japan, led many Japanese to believe that the civilian government cared only about the elites - the banks, landowners and zaibatsu.
Many thought that the civilian government were either in cahoots with the zaibatsu or were receiving money and benefits from them.
163
After World War I, the prices of goods in Japan rose. The price of rice increased by 174 per cent. This is known as
____________________.
INFLATION
164
What 4 economic challenges did people in the countryside face?
1. Did not benefit from improved infrastructure in the cities
2. Insufficient land due to overpopulation
3. Technological advances in farming did not spread quickly
4. Most farmers spent their income on rent
165
Emperor Showa is the posthumous name of ______
Emperor Hirohito
166
During the Great Depression, Japanese exports dropped by _________% between 1929 and 1931.
50%
167
[Appeal of ultranationalist faction]
ANGER AT ZAIBATSU
-The military believed that the zaibatsu were corrupt.
-Many military officers were from poor families in the countryside and had been badly affected by economic challenges in the 1920s.
-The military was also upset that the government had cut the military budget, and felt that the government favoured the zaibatsu.
168
[Appeal of ultranationalist faction]
London Naval Conference (1930)
-Japan’s demands to build more warships were rejected by the Western powers.
-Japan was forced to back down and sign the London Naval Treaty.
-It was seen as a form of betrayal by the government.
169
THE KWANTUNG ARMY IN MANCHURIA
Manchuria was seen as the solution to Japan’s economic problems as it was rich in resources like iron and coal.
Manchuria was ruled by a warlord - Zhang Zuolin. Initially, he developed friendly relations with Japan. Over the years. Zhang’s inability to defend Japanese interests in Manchuria made the Kwantung army increasingly frustrated with him.
170
THE ASSASSINATION OF ZHANG ZUOLIN
In 1928, the Kwantung Army
assassinated Zhang.
However, the Emperor criticised the Kwantung Army’s actions. He demanded that the Prime Minister discipline them, but the Prime Minister lacked the authority
to do anything.
This showed that the military
could defy the civilian government.
171
The radicalisation of the Kwantung Army
Emboldened, the radical elements within the army, especially the Kwantung Army, became more ambitious.
One such figure was Colonel Ishiwara Kanji.
Ishiwara also had plans to settle Japanese farmers in Manchuria. He wanted Japan to take control of Manchuria as a colony. Many commanders in the Japanese military felt the same way.
172
The Mukden Incident September 1931
In September 1931, the Kwantung Army blew up railway tracks at Mukden. They blamed it on the Chinese government and used it as an excuse to take over Manchuria.
By December, the Kwantung Army were in control of most of the region. In March 1932, the Japanese renamed Manchuria as Manchukuo.
173
Invasion of Manchuria to the Japanese public
The invasion of Manchuria was extremely popular with the Japanese public. Many of them saw Manchuria as a solution to Japan’s economic problems. The victory was celebrated in Japan through songs, plays, newsreels and radio broadcasts.
174
Growing opposition to the civilian government
Back in Japan, a network of ultranationalistic and anti-democratic activists began to form. They were against the civilian political leaders and the zaibatsu.
Some of these extremist groups were:
the Sakurakai (Cherry Blossom Society),
Kodoha (Imperial Way Faction), and
Ketsumeidan (League of Blood).
175
(3) [Appeal of ultranationalist faction]
Political assassinations
1. In November 1930, a right-wing fanatic shot Prime Minister Hamaguchi Osachi.
2. In February 1932, the League of Blood murdered the former Finance Minister, Junnosuke Inoue.
3. In March 1932, the League of Blood assassinated Dan Takuma, the head of the Mitsui corporation.
[These assassinations intimidated civilian politicians and caused them to drop their opposition to the military. It also created a sense of instability which the military exploited as they promised to restore order.]
176
TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE
Although Japan was ruled by an Emperor, power lay in the hands of the Tokugawa shogunate (bakufu), a military government led by the Shogun.
Japanese society had a strict hierarchy.
Very few foreigners were allowed into Japan.
177
[Japan] Why are the merchants at the bottom of the social hierarchy?
The merchants produced no goods that contributed to society
178
1853 Arrival of Matthew Perry
The US Navy (led by Commodore Perry) sailed into Tokyo Bay. They demanded that Japan sign treaties to allow trade. Japan recognised that the US was willing to use force and gave in.
179
Following the ARRIVAL OF MATTHEW PERRY 1853
Perry’s success demonstrated the inability of the Shogun to enforce his country’s traditional isolationist policy.
The Japanese were soon forced to sign similar treaties with other Western nations.
These events contributed to the collapse of the shogunate.
In 1867, two powerful anti-Tokugawa clans, the Choshu and Satsuma, combined forces to topple the shogunate.
The following year, they declared a “restoration” in the name of the young Emperor Meiji, who was just 14 years old at the time.
180
1868-1912 MEIJI RESTORATION
The Meiji Restoration was a time of economic modernisation. Japan tried to catch up with the West. They didn’t want a repeat of their encounter with the United States or to be in the same position as China (which had been forced to sign many unfair treaties with the European powers).
181
(3) ECONOMIC CHANGES of the Meiji Restoration
1. STRONG MILITARY
Based on the principle of Fukoku Kyohei (Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Army), Japan introduced policies to strengthen its economy, which helped it to build a strong military.
2. INDUSTRIALISATION
With the use of Western technology, Japan’s production increased rapidly. Infrastructure such as the banking system and railroads were set up. Powerful corporations called zaibatsu were also established.
3. INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Japan also began to engage in foreign trade and started to export goods to the rest of the world.
182
POLITICAL CHANGES of the Meiji Restoration
In 1889, Japan became a constitutional monarchy. The Emperor would have to rule according to a set of laws, and share power with a government made up of different groups including the Genro, the Diet, and the military.
183
SOCIAL CHANGES of the Meiji Restoration
During the Meiji period, cities grew rapidly and Tokyo’s population rose from 600 000 in 1873 to 2 million in 1913. Many new city dwellers were young people who had migrated from the countryside for work.
184
EDUCATION of the Meiji Restoration
Meiji Japan adopted a Western-style curriculum with vocational schools. It reinforced Japanese loyalty to the Emperor, state, family and community. It stressed that Japan had never been colonised by Western powers.
185
MILITARY SUCCESS of the Meiji Restoration
-Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
-Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
The military was highly respected in society and was influential in the rise of militarism.
186
JAPAN AND THE WORLD during Meiji Restoration
Japan’s progress during the Meiji Restoration became clear in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). In 1910, Japan annexed Korea and became a major power in the region.
187
(3) What caused the rise of militarism in Japan?
1. Weaknesses of the democratic government
2. Socioeconomic challenges
3. Appeal of ultra-nationalist faction
188
(3) What were the effects of militarism in Japan?
1. Consolidation of military power in the government
2. Economic policies
3. Social policies
189
Why was Emperor Taisho unable to unite the military and the civilian politicians?
He was sickly and had various mental problems.
190
[Japan] THE MAY 15 INCIDENT
On 15 May 1932, a group of naval officers from the League of Blood shot Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi.
Inukai had angered some of the extremists by opposing the actions of the military in Manchuria.
He had refused to give official government acceptance of the state of Manchukuo when it was announced in February 1932.
The assassins were arrested. However, the military commanders did not condemn the actions of their naval officers.
The Army declared that they would no longer supply a minister for any Cabinet that was led by a party politician.
The new Cabinet, led by a navy admiral, had 15 members - only 5 were from political parties.
191
When did Japan come under Militarist Rule?
1932
192
2 reasons why the military was upset with the government.
1. The government cut the military budget
2. They felt the government favoured the zaibatsu
193
In 1930, Japan was forced to sign the ____________________________ which limited the size of their navy.
London Naval Treaty
194
Name 4 political assassinations that took place in the 1930s:
1.Prime Minister Hamaguchi (1930)
2. Former Finance Minister Inoue (1932)
3. Dan Takuma, head of Mitsui (1932)
4. Prime Minister Inukai (1932)
195
[Militarism in Japan]
INCREASED MILITARY INFLUENCE
By 1934, the military had strengthened their influence within the government.
-Military officers could take positions in the civil service.
-The foreign affairs ministry handed over the supervision of Manchuria to the military.
-The military had the increasing support of the Japanese people.
-The successes of the Japanese military in Manchuria became a source of national pride.
-Political parties became less important, and fewer Japanese bothered to vote.
196
The military itself was not united. It was divided into two factions:
1. THE IMPERIAL WAY FACTION (Kodoha)
2. THE CONTROL FACTION (Toseiha, led by- Tojo Hideki)
197
THE MILITARY FACTIONS
[Imperial Way Faction]
-Made up of military officers with more radical views
-Believed that Japan should put less emphasis on modernising its economy and military
-Wanted Japan to put more
emphasis on the Bushido
spirit
-Wanted Japan to be free
from corruption and
greedy zaibatsu
198
THE MILITARY FACTIONS
[Control Faction]
-Made up of very senior commanders in the army with more moderate views
-Thought that war with the West was going to happen and wanted to prepare Japan for war
-Believed that the government
should collaborate with the
zaibatsu and give them control
of key projects
199
THE SHOWA RESTORATION
[February 26 Incident]
On February 26 1936, officers from the Imperial Way Faction led a military coup. They attempted to assassinate government leaders and demanded a new government. This was part of their call for a Showa Restoration.
The coup failed and the Emperor condemned their actions. The leaders were arrested, tried in a secret military court and executed.
The failure of the coup caused the Imperial Way Faction to
lose its influence and gave the Control Faction the
opportunity to seize control of the military.
200
(3) [Japan military]
Loss of power for civilian politicians
The growing influence of the military caused the civilian politicians’ political power to diminish. The Japanese supported the military officers and their expansionist plans.
1. In 1937, Prince
Konoe Fumimaro was appointed as Prime Minister.
The same month, the military led an invasion into China.
2. Prince Konoe
Fumimaro also formed a Cabinet Planning Office made of mostly military officers in October 1937.
Now, the military had control over Japan’s finances.
3. In October 1941, the army minister General Tojo
Hideki took over the role of Prime Minister.
[This signalled the military’s total control over the Japanese government.]
201
[Japan Military] ECONOMIC POLICIES
Japan's Industrialisation
The Japanese economy in the 1930s recovered far more quickly than the Western powers.
The emphasis shifted from consumer industries to heavy industries. This led to big construction projects such as roads, railways and bridges.
202
[Japan Military] NEW ZAIBATSUs
This gave rise to new
zaibatsu. The new zaibatsu included
Nissan, Nichitsu and Mori, which were closely linked to the military.
203
[Japan Military]
Increased government control over industry
The government began to exercise control over the zaibatsu. The government believed that competition between the zaibatsu was wasteful.
So, the government passed the Principal Industries Control Law in 1931.
At first, the government left the management of the cartels to the zaibatsu. But soon the government became more involved and even started to control them.
204
[Japan Military] PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES CONTROL LAW 1931
This law made it legal for the zaibatsu to form cartels to limit competition and to agree prices of the products they sold.
205
[Japan military]
Campaign for Economic Revitalisation
The Great Depression hit Japanese farmers hard. By 1932, many farmers were heavily in debt.
In 1932, the Ministry for Agriculture launched the Campaign for Economic Revitalisation.
The campaign promoted traditional values along with the use of scientific farming methods. Farmers received guidance on how to better manage crops.
However, conditions did not improve significantly because the government was more focused on industrialisation.
206
In 1932, the Ministry for Agriculture launched the Campaign for
Economic Revitalisation
207
[Japan military] SOCIAL POLICIES
Militarisation of Education
In 1937, the Ministry of Education published a document called Fundamentals of Our National Polity and used it as a basis for Japan’s education system.
The Japanese curriculum sought to instil a sense of patriotism and was centred on ultranationalist and militarist ideals.
It also contained large amounts of physical exercise, military-style drilling and technical lessons designed to prepare the youth for war.
208
[Japan military]
Control of labour unions
In the 1920s, the government had encouraged the formation of labour unions as it could bring stability to the country.
However, by 1936, the militarist government had a different attitude towards labour unions. It no longer favoured unions and forced thousands of workers to withdraw from the union of government employees.
209
[Japan military]
Control of Japanese Thought
The Campaign for Economic Revitalisation emphasised the traditional values seen in the lives of the peasants in rural Japan.
It also praised women in rural Japan for their traditional roles in working on the farm and managing the home.
210
[Japan military]
Special Higher Police (Tokko)
A special police department known as the Special Higher Police (Tokko) was formed to arrest people who did not conform. They were also known as the Thought Police.
211
What 3 things were included in the Japanese curriculum to prepare the youth for war?
1. Large amounts of physical exercise
2. Military-style drilling
3. Technical lessons
212
The police department in charge of censorship was known as the _______.
Publications Monitoring Department
213
The Campaign for Economic Revitalisation praised women for _______.
their traditional roles in working on the farm and managing the home.
214
