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Tajik language and culture > History > Flashcards

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1
Q

c. 2300–1700 BCE

A

Oxus Civilization (The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex); settled non-Aryan society in present-day southern Central Asia; connections with Mesopotamia

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2
Q

c. 2200–1800 BCE

A

Sintashta Culture: proto-Indo-Iranian speakers around southern Ural Mountains; invention of spoke-wheeled chariot

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3
Q

c. 1800–1000 BCE

A

Andronovo Culture: Indo-Iranian pastoralists expand across Eurasian steppe

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4
Q

c. 1300 BCE

A

pre-Zoroastrian petroglyphs in Seven Rivers region of present-day southern Central Asia

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5
Q

c. 1200 BCE

A

Life of Zarathustra, founder of Zoroastrianism, possibly in Seven Rivers region

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6
Q

546–539 BCE

A

Persian Emperor Cyrus II conquers Sogdiana, founds Cyropolis in Ferghana Valley near present-day Khujand

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7
Q

529 BCE

A

Cyrus killed in battle against Scythian Massagetae led by Queen Tomyris

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8
Q

327 BCE

A

Alexander III of Macedon conquers Sogdiana

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9
Q

312–63 BCE

A

Hellenistic Seleucid Empire, blending of Greek and Iranian cultures in Central Asia

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10
Q

129 BCE

A

Chinese emissary Zhang Qian reaches Ferghana Valley in search of ‘heavenly horses’

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11
Q

247 BCE–224 CE

A

Arsacid (Parthian) Empire rules the Iranian world from Mesopotamia to the Oxus and Indus Rivers

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12
Q

30 BCE–410 CE

A

Indus Valley–based Kushan Empire; spread of Buddhism throughout Bactria

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13
Q

1st BCE to 8th CE

A

Sogdian merchant communities dominate Silk Road trade networks; protected by nomadic Turkic tribes from sixth century

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14
Q

712–22

A

Muslim conquests of Central Asia

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15
Q

755–83

A

Revolt of Sogdian prophetic figure Muqanna‘

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16
Q

819–999

A

New Persian Renaissance under Bukhara-based Samanid Empire

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17
Q

858–941

A

Life of New Persian poet Ja‘far b. Muḥammad al-Rūdakī in Samanid Bukhara

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18
Q

940–1020

A

Life of Iranian national poet Abū’l-Qāsim Ferdawsī in Samanid Khurasan

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19
Q

999–1211

A

Southern Central Asia under rule of Turkic Qarakhanids from Eastern Central Asia and Western China

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20
Q

879–1215

A

Tajik Ghurid Dynasty rules from Afghanistan

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21
Q

1218–22

A

Mongol armies devastate Central Asia, utterly destroying Silk Road cities of Marv, Balkh and Nishapur

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22
Q

1366–1507

A

Samarkand-based Timurid Empire; era of cultural flourishing

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23
Q

1507–1740

A

Uzbek dynasties rule from Bukhara

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24
Q

1740–7

A

Brief reintegration of Central Asia into Iranian Afsharid Empire of Nader Shah

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25
1747–1920
Uzbek Manghit dynasties rule from Bukhara and Kokand
26
1864–85
Russia gains control of Tashkent and Samarkand, vassalizes truncated khanates of Bukhara and Kokand
27
1878–1954
Life of Tajik intellectual Sadriddin Aini
28
1918–31
Basmachi (‘bandit’) movement resists Russian rule
29
1920–4
Bukharan People’s Soviet Republic established by Bolshevik revolutionaries
30
1924
Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic created within newly established Uzbek SSR
31
1929
Tajik SSR given full Union Republic status within USSR
32
1929
Ḥabībullah Kalakānī briefly serves as first (and only) Tajik King of Afghanistan
33
1908–77
Life of Tajik academician Bobojon Ghafurov
34
1991
Fall of USSR; Tajikistan becomes independent republic
35
1992–7
Tajik Civil War; almost complete disintegration of Tajik society, industry and infrastructure
36
1994–present
Emomali Rahmon(ov) is President of Tajikistan
37
2001
Afghan Tajik resistance fighter Aḥmad Shāh Mas‘ūd assassinated by Tunisian suicide bomber
38
2018
Improved relations between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan suggests easing of pressures on Uzbekistan’s Tajik population
39
What civilization existed in southern Central Asia around 2300–1700 BCE?
Oxus Civilization (The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex)
40
Who were the proto-Indo-Iranian speakers around the southern Ural Mountains around 2200–1800 BCE?
Sintashta Culture
41
What invention is attributed to the Sintashta Culture?
The spoke-wheeled chariot
42
What culture expanded across the Eurasian steppe around 1800–1000 BCE?
Andronovo Culture
43
When did Zarathustra, the founder of Zoroastrianism, likely live?
c. 1200 BCE
44
Who conquered Sogdiana around 546–539 BCE?
Persian Emperor Cyrus II
45
Who killed Cyrus II in 529 BCE?
Scythian Massagetae led by Queen Tomyris
46
Who conquered Sogdiana in 327 BCE?
Alexander III of Macedon
47
What empire blended Greek and Iranian cultures in Central Asia between 312–63 BCE?
Hellenistic Seleucid Empire
48
What did Chinese emissary Zhang Qian seek in Ferghana Valley in 129 BCE?
‘Heavenly horses’
49
When did the Arsacid (Parthian) Empire rule the Iranian world?
247 BCE–224 CE
50
What empire spread Buddhism throughout Bactria between 30 BCE–410 CE?
Indus Valley–based Kushan Empire
51
Which merchant communities dominated Silk Road trade networks from 1st BCE to 8th CE?
Sogdian merchant communities
52
When were the Muslim conquests of Central Asia?
712–22
53
Who led a revolt in 755–83?
Sogdian prophetic figure Muqanna‘
54
What was the cultural era under the Bukhara-based Samanid Empire known as?
New Persian Renaissance
55
Who was the New Persian poet living between 858–941?
Ja‘far b. Muḥammad al-Rūdakī
56
When did the Iranian national poet Abū’l-Qāsim Ferdawsī live?
940–1020
57
Which Turkic dynasty ruled Southern Central Asia between 999–1211?
Qarakhanids
58
When did the Tajik Ghurid Dynasty rule from Afghanistan?
879–1215
59
What event happened between 1218–22 involving the Mongol armies?
They devastated Central Asia, utterly destroying Silk Road cities of Marv, Balkh, and Nishapur
60
What was the Samarkand-based empire known for between 1366–1507?
Timurid Empire; era of cultural flourishing
61
Which dynasties ruled from Bukhara between 1507–1740?
Uzbek dynasties
62
When did Central Asia briefly reintegrate into the Iranian Afsharid Empire?
1740–7
63
What dynasty ruled from Bukhara and Kokand between 1747–1920?
Uzbek Manghit dynasties
64
When did Russia gain control of Tashkent and Samarkand?
1864–85
65
Who was Sadriddin Aini and when did he live?
Tajik intellectual; 1878–1954
66
What movement resisted Russian rule between 1918–31?
Basmachi (‘bandit’) movement
67
When was the Bukharan People’s Soviet Republic established?
1920–4
68
When was the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic created?
1924
69
When did the Tajik SSR gain full Union Republic status within the USSR?
1929
70
Who was Ḥabībullah Kalakānī and what happened in 1929?
He briefly served as the first (and only) Tajik King of Afghanistan
71
Who was Bobojon Ghafurov and when did he live?
Tajik academician; 1908–77
72
When did Tajikistan become an independent republic?
1991
73
What major conflict occurred in Tajikistan between 1992–7?
Tajik Civil War; almost complete disintegration of Tajik society, industry and infrastructure
74
Who has been the President of Tajikistan since 1994?
Emomali Rahmon(ov)
75
Who was assassinated by a Tunisian suicide bomber in 2001?
Afghan Tajik resistance fighter Aḥmad Shāh Mas‘ūd
76
What happened in 2018 between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan?
Improved relations suggest easing of pressures on Uzbekistan’s Tajik population
77
Who are the Tajiks direct descendants of?
The Iranian peoples whose presence is attested from the middle of the 1st millennium BCE.
78
What major empires included the ancestors of the Tajiks?
The empires of Persia and Alexander the Great.
79
When did the Arab conquest bring Islam to Central Asia?
Mid-7th century.
80
Which Iranian dynasty ruled the Tajiks after the Arabs?
The Sāmānids (819–999).
81
What was the result of the first Turkic invasions in 999?
The area became part of "Turkistan" as many Tajiks were Turkicized.
82
When did the Afghans conquer Tajik lands south of the Amu Darya?
Mid-18th century.
83
What significant change occurred for Tajiks after the Russian conquests of the 1860s and '70s?
Some Tajiks came under direct Russian government, and the emirate of Bukhara became a Russian protectorate.
84
When did Tajikistan achieve the status of a Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR)?
1929
85
Who was a notable leader of Tajikistan's Communist Party and a respected historian?
B.G. Gafurov.
86
What major infrastructure developments occurred in Tajikistan during the Soviet era?
Construction of dams for power and irrigation, and development of industry in the Vakhsh River valley.
87
When did Tajikistan declare full independence from the Soviet Union?
September 9, 1991.
88
Who was the former communist leader elected president in November 1991?
Rahman Nabiyev.
89
Who took over the government after driving out Nabiyev in 1992?
Emomali Rahmonov (later Emomali Rahmon).
90
When was the peace agreement that ended the Tajik civil war signed?
June 1997.
91
Which international entities brokered the 1997 peace agreement?
The United Nations, Russia, and Iran.
92
What significant change did Rahmonov make to his name in 2007?
Dropped the Russian suffix "-ov" to become Emomali Rahmon.
93
When was the IRPT (Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan) banned?
September 2015.
94
What is the significance of the Rogun Dam project?
Expected to be the highest and tallest dam in the world, doubling Tajikistan’s electricity capacity.
95
What did the 2016 constitutional referendum in Tajikistan achieve?
Lifted term limits for Rahmon and lowered the presidential candidate age, benefiting Rahmon's son.
96
What position did Rahmon’s son Rustam Emomali achieve in 2020?
Chairman of the National Assembly, making him first in line for presidential succession.

Tajik language and culture (12 decks)

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