History

Question 1

What is the Ordinance of 1785

Answer 1

-First use of rectangular land survey, done for the Old Northwest. Created parcels that could then be sold off.
-“Largest single act of national planning in our history”

Question 2

1st “model tenement” 1855

Answer 2

1855, Manhattan

Question 3

Homestead Act 1862

Answer 3

1862, opened public lands to settlers for $ and 5 years residence

Question 4

1st major tenement house law 1867

Answer 4

1867 in New York, it restricted physical conditions (regulated windows, fire escape, bathrooms for each unit). Important in slowing down contagious diseases

Question 5

San Francisco Zoning Ordinance of 1867

Answer 5

-Prohibited slaughter houses & pig storage in certain areas, separating unwanted uses from residential
-Beginning of land-use zoning in the U.S

Question 6

First Dumbbell Tenements 1879

Answer 6

1879, b/c of Tenement Reform Law requiring air flow
Named for its shape, widely used in NYC till end of century
Known for poor living conditions (lack of light, space, air flow)
1901 Tenement House Act outlawed this style and set min size reqs

Question 7

Pullman, Illinois 1880-84

Answer 7

1880-84 by George Pullman
First industrial/company town designed to have everything the workers would need
Failed b/c of too many restrictions (ie. behavioral reqs)/ Great Depression

Question 8

Jacob Riis (1849-1914)

Answer 8

1849-1914, “How the Other Half Lives” (1890), “Children of the Poor (1892)
-Revealed the terrible conditions of the urban poor
-Led to fed investigation into slum conditions and changes in housing laws
-Considered one of the leading housing reformers of history

Question 9

World’s Columbian Exposition 1893

Answer 9

Chicago 1893, planned by Daniel Burnham
-Strongly influenced American planning/architecture
-City Beautiful Movement (“White City”) & urban planning profession came from event

Question 10

Daniel Burnham (1846-1912)

Answer 10

Father of Planning, architect responsible for World’s Exposition
-his style inspired public buildings around the US
-“White City” inspiration for City Beautiful Movement
-1909 “Plan for Chicago”, birth of modern planning

Question 11

City Beautiful Movement early 1900s

Answer 11

Early 1900s; Re-create cities with more grandeur, art, parks, monumental public buildings, cleaner
-Make them look good, like great cities around the world (wanted mostly by wealthy)

Question 12

Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928)

Answer 12

British, Wrote “Tomorrow a Peaceful Path to Real Reform” (1898)
-Started Garden City movement in England which then spread to US (Radburn, NJ & Greenbelt towns)

Question 13

Garden Cities late 1800- early 1900

Answer 13

Late 19th-early 20th C., Ebenezer Howard/Raymond Unwin/Barry Parker/Clarence Perry/Clarence Stein
-Central city that radiated outward to zones of agricultural, industrial and residential all separated by greenbelts and connected by public transit, self sufficient answer to crowded & deteriorating cities for the working/middle class
-Characterized by local management and self-government apart from the central state
-Key issues were environmental and growth management
*Planners should be advocates and make values/intentions clear, need a balance b/w bureaucracy and special interests and include citizens. Try to make better places to live
+Letchworth (1903) 1st English Garden City/ Forest Hills Garden, NY

Question 14

Clarence Perry (1872-1944)

Answer 14

Father of Neighborhood Unit Concept, lived in a “garden suburb” (Forest Hills Gardens) which inspired his ideas

Question 15

Fredrick Law Olmsted Sr. (1822-1902)

Answer 15

Co-designer of Central Park NYC
Riverside, IL (suburban community)
Site Planner @ 1893 Columbian Exposition

Question 16

Neighborhood Unit Concept

Answer 16

Self contained residential area bounded by streets with shops at intersections and school in the middle.
Created by Clarence Perry

Question 17

1901 NY State Tenement House Law

Answer 17

Revision of codes on tenements; outlawed dumbbell style and added size minimums, mandated lighting, bathrooms and ventilation

Question 18

Plan for San Francisco

Answer 18

By Daniel Burnham, primarily focused on streets (width & direction) and parks
No plans for housing or economics (he thought those would self regulate)

Question 19

1st Comprehensive City Survey 1907

Answer 19

Pittsburgh, 1907

Question 20

1st official, local planning board 1907

Answer 20

Hartford, Connecticut, 1907

Question 21

1st National City Planning Conference 1909

Answer 21

Washington D.C., 1909

Question 22

1st Use of zoning

Answer 22

LA, created multiple zoning districts to restrict future land development

Question 23

Plan for Chicago

Answer 23

Daniel Burnham; 1st metro/comprehensive regional plan in U.S. was launched by City Beautiful mvmt
Included: system of highways/roads/blvds to facilitate flow, improved railway, improved waterfront look, better parks and paths to connect, encouraged civic, community and intellectual centers
Inspired other development around the nation

Question 24

Forest Hills Gardens 1910

Answer 24

Long Island NY, 1910
1st test of neighborhood idea
Daniel Burnham lived here

Question 25

"Cities in Evolution" 1915

Answer 25

1915 by Patrick Geddes (Father of regional planning/british) -creates foundation for regional planning theory

Question 26

National Park Service established 1916

Answer 26

1916 To conserve and preserve special resources

Question 27

1st Comprehensive zoning resolution 1916

Answer 27

1916, New York City Zoning Code George McAneny & Edward Bassett

Question 28

American City Planning Institute 1917

Answer 28

Found in 1917, Fredrick Law Olmsted Jr is 1st president Forerunner of American Institute of Planners

Question 29

Fredrick Law Olmsted Jr (1870-1957)

Answer 29

Public & private planner Designed Forest Hills Gardens & Palo Verdes Estates

Question 30

Boston Metropolitan District Commission 1919

Answer 30

1919 combined unfunctional regional authorities for sewer, water and park into one *everything is connected when planning cities

Question 31

Vieux Carre Commission 1921

Answer 31

New Orleans, 1921 1st historic preservation commission in U.S., protected an area designed in 1721 in grid pattern by military guy

Question 32

Standard State Zoning Enabling Act 1924

Answer 32

1924; model law for U.S. states to enable zoning regulations in their jurisdictions. One of the foundational developments in land use planning in the United States. It included a grant of power, a provision that the legislative body could divide the local government's territory into districts, a statement of purpose for the zoning regulations, and procedures for establishing and amending the zoning regulations. Olmsted Jr had a part

Question 33

LA Regional Planning Commission 1922

Answer 33

1922, 1st of its kind

Question 34

1st endorsed comprehensive plan 1925

Answer 34

1925, Cincinnati, Ohio; adopted by City Council written by Alfred Bettman

Question 35

1st public housing subsidy 1926

Answer 35

New York State, 1926

Question 36

New Deal/Fed Emergency Relief Admin 1933

Answer 36

1933, in response to the Great Depression, created work for those effected

Question 37

Tennessee Valley Authority 1933

Answer 37

provided the rehab of Tennessee Valley. First large scale regional program by the fed govt Forebear of current COGs and MPOs

Question 38

National Housing Act 1934

Answer 38

insured savings deposits and home mortgages

Question 39

"Greenbelt" towns 1935-37

Answer 39

1935-37, first fed built new towns during peacetime, part of New Deal. Rural neighborhoods surrounded by greenspace, as a suburb for near by cities To assist local employment and create model communities for future development

Question 40

U.S. Housing Act of 1937

Answer 40

1st fed commitment to public housing

Question 41

"Sector Theory" 1939

Answer 41

Homer Hoyt, expanded on concentric theory. Housing separated by class-levels, industrial near lower-class (yikes)

Question 42

Serviceman's Readjustment Act (GI Bill) 1944

Answer 42

Guaranteed loans for veterans, accelerated growth of suburbs

Question 43

Housing Act (Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill) 1949

Answer 43

1st U.S. comprehensive housing legislation to start urban redevelopment, aimed to construct 800,000 units.

Question 44

Council of Govt mvmt 1954

Answer 44

1954, in Detroit, areas working together for regional planning

Question 45

Kevin Lynch (1918-1984)

Answer 45

Wrote "Image of the City" How people see/interact with sectors in a city.

Question 46

1st state to institute state wide zoning 1961

Answer 46

Hawaii, zoned into urban/ agriculture/ conservation

Question 47

Jane Jacobs "The Death and Life of Great American Cities" 1961

Answer 47

Rethink urban renewal which cased the decline of many neighborhoods around the U.S. Argued that the needs/experiences of residents should be more of a focus, less large regional planning and more local mixed-use

Question 48

Civil Rights Act 1964

Answer 48

Outlaws discrimination in public places

Question 49

Dept of Housing & Urban Dev (HUD) created 1965

Answer 49

To allow the federal government to tackle urban problems including substandard and deteriorating housing in a coordinated manner

Question 50

Nat Historic Preservation Act 1966

Answer 50

established register of historic places and protection of sites/properties worth preserving

Question 51

LBJs "Great Society" program & 'model cities' 1966

Answer 51

attack on urban blight and poverty

Question 52

Kalamazoo Mall 1956

Answer 52

1st downtown pedestrian mall

Question 53

Ian McHarg, "Design with Nature" 1969

Answer 53

Father of Modern Ecology/Environmental Movement, created layered map technique which was foundation of GIS

Question 54

Nat Environmental Policy Act 1969

Answer 54

Requires "environmental impact statement" for every fed aided action that would cause impact to environment

Question 55

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) established 1970

Answer 55

established to administer provisions of the Clean Air Act (1970)

Question 56

BART in San Fran 1972

Answer 56

1st rapid transit system for center-to-center service

Question 57

Oregon's Statewide Land Use Planning 1973

Answer 57

the most extensive, innovative program for land use planning, resulted in state policies and interests being reflected in comp plans and growth management

Question 58

Housing and Community Development Act 1947

Answer 58

eliminated categorical grants (4 specific projects) and created block grants (less oversight)

Question 59

American Planning Association (APA) created 1978

Answer 59

merged the American Institute of Planners (AIP) & American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO)

Question 60

"Reagan Revolution" 1980

Answer 60

new policies, reduced spending, privatization, deregulation, ect.

Question 61

Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) 1991

Answer 61

1st fed transportation law which mandated planning created National Scenic Byways Program, transportation enhancements, historic preservation

Question 62

Clinton monuments 2000

Answer 62

Clinton created 8 new national monuments in western states