History

Question 1

Who Discovered X-rays

Answer 1

WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN (1895)

Question 2

Discovered the Use of X-rays in breast cancer

Answer 2

EMIL GRUBBE (1895)

Question 3

Discovered the Use of X-rays in nasopharyngeal cancer and in pain palliation

Answer 3

VOIGT J. ÄRZTLICHER VEREIN (1896)

Question 4

Discovery of natural radioactivity

Answer 4

HENRI BECQUEREL (1896)

Question 5

Use of X-rays in the treatment of gastric cancer

Answer 5

DESPEIGNES (1896)

Question 6

Use of X-rays in the treatment of skin cancer

Answer 6

LÉOPOLD FREUND (1896)

Question 7

Discovery of electrons

Answer 7

JOHN JOSEPH THOMPSON (1897)

Question 8

Discovery of radium

Answer 8

PIERRE & MARIE CURIE (1898)

Question 9

Definition of the alpha particle

Answer 9

ERNEST RUTHERFORD (1899)

Question 10

The first use of radium in skin brachytherapy

Answer 10

DR. DANLOS (1901)

Question 11

Publications showing the efficacy of radiotherapy in lymphoma

Answer 11

SENN & PUSEY (1903)

Question 12

Discovery of the sensitivity of seminoma to radiation

Answer 12

ANTOINE BÉCLÈRE (1905)

Question 13

Discovery of the photoelectric effect

Answer 13

ALBERT EINSTEIN (1905)

Question 14

Discovery of characteristic

Answer 14

CHARLES G. BARKLA (1906)

Question 15

Demonstration of the Compton effect

Answer 15

ARTHUR H. COMPTON (1922)

Question 16

First cyclotron

Answer 16

ERNEST O. LAWRENCE (1931)

Question 17

DEATH OF MRS. MARIE CURIE
Due to pernicious anemia (myelodysplasia)

Answer 17

1934

Question 18

The first betatron.

Answer 18

DONALD W. KERST (1940)

Question 19

Discovered The first cobalt-60 teletherapy machine.

Answer 19

HAROLD E. JOHNS (1951)

Question 20

The first linear accelerator (linac) machine

Answer 20

HENRY S. KAPLAN (1952)

Question 21

Discovery of the gamma knife

Answer 21

LARS LEKSELL (1968)

Question 22

The first computerized tomography (CT)

Answer 22

GODFREY NEWBOLD HOUNSFIELD (1971)

Question 23

Discovered The first MRI machine.

Answer 23

PAUL C. LAUTERBUR, PETER MANSFELD (1973)

Question 24

The first use of computers and CT in radiotherapy

Answer 24

1990

Question 25

The first clinical IMRT treatment

Answer 25

1994

Question 26

FDA approval of the first IMRT software

Answer 26

1996

Question 27

FDA approval of robotic radiosurgery

Answer 27

2001

Question 28

FDA clearance of spiral (helical) tomotherapy

Answer 28

2002

Question 29

The first use of image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) technology

Answer 29

2003

Question 30

MR Linear accelerator (UMC Utrecht-Holland)

Answer 30

2007

Question 31

RADIOTHERAPY TYPES ACCORDING TO AIM

Answer 31

Curative Radiotherapy Palliative Radiotherapy Palliative Radiotherapy with curative doses Prophylactic (preventive) radiotherapy Total body irradiation

Question 32

Used in cases of early-stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, some skin cancers, and early glottic cancers (curative radiotherapy = definitive radiotherapy) for example.

Answer 32

CURATIVE RADIOTHERAPY

Question 33

This is the application of radiotherapy alone to cure.

Answer 33

CURATIVE RADIOTHERAPY

Question 34

This is the alleviation of cancer symptoms

Answer 34

PALLIATIVE RADIOTHERAPY

Question 35

Used in cases of brain and bone metastases and superior vena cava syndrome for example.

Answer 35

PALLIATIVE RADIOTHERAPY

Question 36

Administration of high doses of radiotherapy in cases where other treatment modalities cannot be applied for different reasons.

Answer 36

PALLIATIVE RADIOTHERAPY WITH CURATIVE DOSES

Question 37

Used in cases of inoperable lung/laryngeal cancer and brain tumors for example.

Answer 37

PALLIATIVE RADIOTHERAPY WITH CURATIVE DOSES

Question 38

This is the prevention of possible metastases or recurrences through the application of radiotherapy.

Answer 38

PROPHYLACTIC (PREVENTIVE) RADIOTHERAPY

Question 39

This is the ablation of bone marrow by radiation in order to suppress the immune system, eradicate leukemic cells, and clear space for transplant cells during bone marrow transplantation conditioning.

Answer 39

TOTAL BODY IRRADIATION

Question 40

RADIOTHERAPY TYPES ACCORDING TO TIMING

Answer 40

Adjuvant Radiotherapy Neoadjuvant radiotherapy Radiochemotherapy (chemoradiotherapy)

Question 41

Radiotherapy given after any kind of treatment modality.

Answer 41

ADJUVANT RADIOTHERAPY

Question 42

If given after surgery postoperative radiotherapy

Answer 42

ADJUVANT RADIOTHERAPY

Question 43

Radiotherapy given before any kind of treatment modality

Answer 43

NEOADJUVANT RADIOTHERAPY

Question 44

If given before surgery preoperative radiotherapy

Answer 44

NEOADJUVANT RADIOTHERAPY

Question 45

Radiotherapy given concurrently with chemotherapy.

Answer 45

RADIOCHEMOTHERAPY (CHEMORADIOTHERAPY)

Question 46

RADIOTHERAPY TYPES ACCORDING TO MODE

Answer 46

External radiotherapy (teletherapy/external beam radiotherapy) Brachytherapy (endocurie therapy/sealedsource radiotherapy) Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) Three-dimensional conformal RT (3D-CRT) Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) Photodynamic therapy Tomotherapy Cyberknife® (robotic radiosurgery) Boron neutron capture therapy Hyperthermia

Question 47

Radiotherapy applied to the body externally using a treatment machine.

Answer 47

EXTERNAL RADIOTHERAPY (TELETHERAPY/EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY)

Question 48

Radiotherapy given under intraoperative conditions, usually by electron beams or low-energy X-rays.

Answer 48

INTRAOPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPY (IORT)

Question 49

Radiotherapy delivered by several beams that are precisely focused on a three- dimensionally localized target.

Answer 49

STEREOTACTIC RADIOTHERAPY (SRT)

Question 50

A radiotherapy technique where the dose volume is made to conform closely to the target through the use of 3D anatomical data acquired from CT or MRI imaging modalities

Answer 50

THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONFORMAL RT (3D-CRT)

Question 51

The aim is to apply the maximum dose to the target while sparing neighboring structures as much as possible with the aid of advanced computer software and hardware.

Answer 51

THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONFORMAL RT (3D-CRT)

Question 52

▪ It is the IMRT type in which the irradiation head rotates 360° around the treatment volume, similar to the CT

Answer 52

TOMOTHERAPY

Question 53

This prevents tumoral repair by utilizing a supraadditive (synergistic) effect with radiation: tumor tissues get colder more slowly than normal tissues.

Answer 53

HYPERTHERMIA