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Exams 7 > History > Flashcards

History Flashcards

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1
Q

republic

A

system of government in which (some) officials are chosen by the people
“thing of the people”
would prevent any individual from gaining too much power

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2
Q

republic structure

A

senate-
300 members (patricians)
senators made the law, chose 2 consuls from patrician class to serve 1 term
dictator (in event of crisis) 6 month limit, absolute power

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3
Q

12 tables

A

laws of Rome

available to everyone in Rome (posted in forum)

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4
Q

patrician

A

wealthy, landholding member of the upperclass

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5
Q

consul

A

job was to supervise business of gov., command armies, 1 term, consult with senate

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6
Q

dictator

A

ruler who has complete control of government

only 6 months

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7
Q

plebeian

A 
member of the lower class
eg. farmers, merchants, artisans, traders
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8
Q

tribune

A

official who was elected by the plebeians to protect their interests

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9
Q

veto

A

power to block a government action

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10
Q

role of roman man

A

head of house hold
absolute power in family
army

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11
Q

role of roman woman

A

housework, own businesses, under control of man

more freedom than Greek woman

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12
Q

legion

A

basic unit of roman army, made up of about 5000 citizen-soldiers- fought without pay, supplied their own weapons
commanders mixed rewards with punishment- showed courage, got praise/rewards, unit fled battle 1/10 men got killed

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13
Q

treatment of conquered lands

A

conquered people had to; acknowledge roman leadership, pay taxes, supply soldiers - if they did this got to keep own customs, money, local government
PREVENTS REBELLION

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14
Q

Carthage

A

northern coast of Africa

Rome wanted to defeat them; standing in the way of expansion to the west

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15
Q

Hannibal’s tactics

A

went to the North of Rome instead of south,with war elephants (a lot) was a sneak attack

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16
Q

outcome of Punic Wars

A

after Rome destroyed Carthage, survivors–>slavery or killed, poured salt all over land so nothing could grow, masters of Mediterranean World

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17
Q

Rome conquered lands bc….

A

committed to imperialism (establishing control over foreign lands/people)

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18
Q

provinces

A

land outside of Rome that was controlled by the Roman government
had many across Mediterranean, called it Mare Nostrum (our sea)

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19
Q

increase of wealth

A 
conquests brought wealth in, new class of wealthy Romans emerged, built latifudia, had many slaves working on it ---> produced more than farmers- put them out of work, grain supply up, price down
farmers fled to Rome- gap between rich and poor widened, angry mobs uprose
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20
Q

attempts at reform

A

Gracchus Brothers- distribute land to poor farmers, public funds–>grain to feed poor
(killed in street violence, planned by senate)

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21
Q

civil wars

A

who should hold power- senate, or popular political leaders

sparked slave revolts, old legions–> professional armies

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22
Q

Julius Caesar

A

military commander, many conquests, defeated friend Pompey, forced Rome to make him dictator
reforms: public works- give the jobless, jobs, public land to poor, citizenship to more people, Julian calendar
death caused more civil wars

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23
Q

Augustus

A 
grand nephew of Caesar
"exalted one" 
didn't call himself king
achievements: civil service to enforce laws- didn't matter your class, census, postal service, new coins, jobless to work
WHO WOULD RULE AFTER HE DIED?
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24
Q

Other Religions under roman rule

A

Allowed to practice theirs, as long as recognize roman deities

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25
Basic ideas of Judaism
Everyone equal Covenant with god Personal morality, social justice
26
Messiah
Savior sent by God
27
Covenant
A binding agreement
28
Monotheism
Believing in one god
29
Prophets
spiritual leaders who interpreted God's will, spread the word of their religion
30
Jewish community with Jesus
is he the messiah? 10 commandments preached obedience to laws of Moses
31
Jesus' teachings were attractive bc.....
Welcomed all people | taught need for justice, morality, service to others
32
Jesus' death
Crucified on the cross | Romans thought he was a revolutionary lead Jews in rebellion
33
The apostles
12 of Jesus' closest followers | a leader or teacher of a faith or movement
34
Peter
``` chief apostle devoted life to spread teachings of Jesus became a missionary first bishop crucified upside down ```
35
Paul
most important apostle spread Jesus' teaching to Jews and non-Jews too set up churches all over Rome and Mesopotamia promised if you believed achieve eternal life
37
Why did Romans persecute church/ why did it end
thought Christians were doing evil things when they met in secrecy refused to make sacrifices-->disloyal
38
Women in early Christianity
Didn't have many rights Teachers/administrators Spread the message
39
Decline of Roman Empire
Military- Weakened Germanic invasions Paid/hired army ``` Social- Self serving upperclass Loss of values Bread+circuses Slave labor ``` Economic- Population declined Heavy taxes Inflation Political- Oppressive government Corrupt officials Divided empire
40
Early Christian communities
Jesus message- spread spiritual salvation and eternal life to anyone who believed it .. needed to be baptized the Eucharist .
41
Hagia Sofia
Church built by Justinian Largest religious building by its day Was a mosque Now a museum
42
response to Western Roman empire collapsing
awful what has Rome come to? no hope
43
Byzantine Empire
Constantinople a lot of trade, busy harbor "new Rome"
44
Justinian
extended Byzantine power by recovering ancient lands Justinians code- collection of laws passed by assemblies/emperors revising the old ones was an autocrat- sole ruler with complete authority power over the church wife- Theodora
45
King Clovis
king of Franks conquered former Roman province Gaul ruled by Frankish custom did not preserve Roman legacy converted to Christianity
46
Charles Martel/The Battle of Tours
stopped Islam from spreading to Europe | a sign that God was on their side- when they won
47
how did the Franks settle legal disputes
judgement of the glowing iron- have to carry a scalding hot iron nine feet if you don't have injuries- innocent, praise God if you have injuries- wait 3 days see if the iron has blood on it- if does guilty
48
Charlemagne's empire
``` worked closely with church control over many lands nobles rule regions missi dominici manage nobles Set up schools ```
49
missi dominici
officials who managed provincial rulers
50
Charlemagne with the pope
relationship with the pope was good pope crowned him unified Christian community
51
Charlemagne conquered...
``` Saxons Slavs Muslims Lombards Avars Wanted reunite the Roman Empire ```
52
Charlemagne's schools
thought it was necessary for officials to keep records/write clear reports Alcuin of York created curriculum for Charlemagne's schools curriculum- grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy Schools in all monasteries
53
Charlemagne's death
empire fell apart after power battle for 30 years Treaty of Verdun- split up empire to 3 parts, for each grandson
54
Vikings motives
over population | climate change
55
Vikings success
burned cities no mercy boats sailed easily, not a lot of work Skilled warriors
56
Vikings persona
ruthless- liked to destory | sophisticated- educated, boats
57
Viking culture
polytheistic- pantheon of gods | sagas, written language
58
runes
Alphabet they took from the Greeks
59
sagas
long narrative poems
60
feudal system
loosely organized system of gov. which local lords governed own lands, but owed military service, and support to a greater lord
61
vassal
lord who was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord
62
feudal contract
exchange of pledges between lords and vassals
63
fief
estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty
64
Peace of God/Truce of God
Peace of God- attempt to enforce protection of the church | Truce of God- days of year violence was not allowed
65
mutual obligations for feudalism
got land if they provided military, got military if they provided land
66
duties of noblewomen
supervise vassals, manage household, agricultural/medical tasks, might have to go to war
67
rights of noblewomen
could own land, part of dowry
68
Eleanor of Aquitaine
inherited lands in southwest France, through marriages became Queen of France, Queen of England
69
chivalry
required knights to be brave, loyal, true to word fight fairly women cherished/protected ONLY with nobles
70
manor system
nobles would promise peasants protection and land if they worked for them, provided food, gave a little money
71
mutual obligations for manor system
get land/protection if you work, you get people working for you if you give land/protection
72
how were manors self-sufficient
peasants didn't need much, manors already had a lot
73
lives of peasants
hardship, worked all day, small meals, harsh environments
74
Battle of Hastings
Duke William and Norman knights against Harold they won - King of England From France to England
75
Normans with England
conquered them bc. had support of Pope
76
Domesday Book
census that took count of everyone/everything in kingdom- less thievery, fraud William knows what people have eg. Taxes
77
Henry II
created legal system by establishing customs that were also laws Common law- a legal system based on custom and court ruling
78
common law
system of law that is the same for all people, based on court decisions that have become accepted legal principles
79
Thomas Becket
close friend of Henry, archbishop of Canterbury disagreed with him abt. trying clergy in royal courts murdered by John's people
80
King John's conflict with the church
who would be new archbishop pope put him under interdict for disagreeing ---> England fief, yearly tax to Rome
81
King John's conflict with nobles
Took advantage of them | they made Magna Carta and made him sign
82
parliament
common people join w/ lords and clergy to approve things
83
why is Jerusalem sacred to Muslims, Jews, and Christians
Muslims have- dome of the rock Christians have- holy sepulcher church Jews have- old cities western wall
84
Pope Urban motivating nobles and bishops
fight for religion people have invaded the holy land killing people "gods will"
85
People joined the Crusades bc....
``` adventure wealth people were dying wouldn't have to pay debts protect holy land protect god heaven no sins ```
86
goals for the Pope through Crusades
increase power in Europe heal the split between Roman and Byzantine churches Christian knights fight Muslims instead of eachother
87
Crusades length, Christians record
200 years - on and off | Christians won first one, captured Jerusalem
88
Crusades ending
last Christian outpost was captured
89
Crusades economic effect
increased trade increased travel Europe--> rich more people came
90
Crusades church/monarch effect
people turned against religions more power to monarchs increased papal power split w Byzantine empire was not healed
91
Why was Marco Polo's adventures important
led Europeans back to trading w China again
92
what did Marco Polo see
government run mail service | coal

Exams 7 (4 decks)

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