History Flashcards
(47 cards)
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.)
‘History of animals’, ‘Generation of animals’, ‘Parts of animals’; described > 500 species)
Who?
similarity in shape usually meant similarity in behaviour
Aristotle
Who? humans alone possess the rational part of the soul, animals possess only the vegetative and sensitive parts
Aristotle
Descartes (1596-1650)
anatomical location of soul; study of reflex action; considered brain an organ integrating body and mind
Who?
did not believe that animals can feel pain, since they do not have minds
Descartes
Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
French physiologist; ‘milieu interieur’; relative stability of internal environment; proponent of vivisection in Europe
Who?
was a proponent of vivisection in Europe
Claude Bernard
Darwin (1809 - 1882)
‘Descent of Man’ suggests the possible continuity of cognitive processes among different species; similar emotions and gestures in primates indicates shared ancestry
Who?
… the difference in mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is, certainly is one of degree and not of kind.
Darwin
Romanes (1848 - 1894)
‘Animal intelligence’; first to investigate systematically the comparative psychology of intelligence using an anecdotal method
Who?
Does the organism learn to make new adjustments, or to modify old ones, in accordance with the results of its own individual experience? If it does so, the fact cannot be due merely to reflex action
Romanes
Morgan’s Canon (1903)
observation on one occasion only does not suffice for the interpretation of this or that instance of behaviour; in no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of less developed processes
Who?
Observation on one occasion only, no matter how careful and exact that observation may be, does not suffice for the interpretation of this or that instance of animal behaviour
Morgan’s Canon
Who?
In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terems of higher psychological processes, if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development
Morgan’s Canon
Thorndike (1874-1949)
Puzzle box experiments; first empirical and theoretical analyses of animal learning; most basic form of learning is trial and error learning; Law of Effect; proponent of eugenics
Law of Effect
a behaviour that is followed by a satisfying consequence is strengthened (more likely to occur) and a behaviour that is followed by an annoying consequence is weakened (less likely to occur)
Who?
Law of Effect
Thorndike
Who?
Only a single case is studied, and so the results are not necessarily true of the type; the observation is not repeated, nor are the conditions perfectly regulated; the previous history of the animal in question is not known
Thorndike
Who?
[the books] have all been about animal intelligence, never about animal stupidity
Thorndike
Who?
3 defects: 1) only a single case is studied; 2) the observations is not repeated, nor are the conditions perfectly regulated; 3) the previous history of the animal is not known
Thorndike
Spalding (1841-1877)
‘On Instinct’; imprinting in domestic chicks; blindfold and deafening experiments in chicks; critical periods
Loeb (1859-1924)
‘Comparative Physiology of the Brain and Comparative Psychology’; tropism and taxis;
stimulus-response (S-R)
simple directed responses to specific stimulation
tropism
S-R in plant species
